The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire: Mysteries of the Unconquered Sun

Contents......Page 12
1 Introduction......Page 18
Prior Research......Page 20
Data Collection and Model Development......Page 22
Major Findings......Page 23
Book Outline......Page 25
PART I: THE DEVELOPMENT, COMPOSITION, AND BEHAVIOR OF THE WORLD OPIATE MARKET......Page 28
Introduction......Page 30
Production and Consumption, 1800–1909......Page 31
Development and Impact of the International Drug Control Regime, 1909–1945......Page 36
Rise and Impact of National Controls, 1906–1945......Page 41
Downslide and Upswing, 1945–1970, and a Brief Coda......Page 48
Concluding Remarks......Page 54
Introduction......Page 56
Current Conditions and Market Trends......Page 57
Properties of Supply and Demand......Page 68
Supply Control Policies......Page 79
Concluding Remarks......Page 82
Introduction......Page 84
The Ban, the Cutback, and the Aftermath......Page 85
The Market Response......Page 86
Concluding Remarks......Page 98
Introduction......Page 100
An Outline of the Approach......Page 101
Data Compilation......Page 103
Data Reconciliation......Page 115
Trafficking Routes and Opiate Flows......Page 118
Concluding Remarks......Page 121
PART II: COUNTRY STUDIES......Page 124
In Search of an Explanation......Page 126
Afghanistan: From Quasi-State Authorities to Protectors within the State?......Page 133
Burma: A Succession of Quasi-State Authorities......Page 145
Concluding Remarks......Page 157
Introduction......Page 159
Opiate Consumption......Page 160
Illicit Sources of Opiates......Page 161
Diversion from Licit Production and Its Share of the Illicit Market......Page 163
Heroin Production, Trafficking, and Export......Page 172
Concluding Remarks......Page 174
Introduction......Page 176
Background: Cocaine, Insurgents, and Government Weakness......Page 177
The Emergence of the Opiate Industry......Page 180
Opium Production and Processing......Page 181
The Industry Players and Their Relationships......Page 187
Control Efforts......Page 190
Consumption......Page 193
Concluding Remarks......Page 194
Introduction......Page 196
The Expansion of the Illicit Opiate Industry: Explanatory Factors......Page 197
The Phases of Trafficking......Page 203
Tajikistan’s Integration into the World Heroin Market......Page 205
The Rapid Growth of Local Opiate Consumption......Page 206
Drug-Trafficking Enterprises......Page 207
Concluding Remarks......Page 212
PART III: POLICY ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 214
Introduction......Page 216
The Consequences of Strict Enforcement......Page 219
The Consequences of Lax Enforcement......Page 224
The Consequences of Non-enforcement......Page 234
Two Theses on the Role of Governments in Opiate Markets......Page 242
Concluding Remarks......Page 248
Findings on the World Opiate Market......Page 250
Suggestions for Leveraging Limited Policy Opportunities......Page 260
Possible Futures for International Drug Policy......Page 264
Appendix A: Legal Production of Opium......Page 274
Appendix B: Average Consumption and Purity......Page 276
Appendix C: Central Asia: Trafficking Revenues and Economic Dependency......Page 282
Appendix D: Examples of Countries with Lax Enforcement......Page 299
Notes......Page 308
References......Page 342
A......Page 374
B......Page 375
C......Page 376
E......Page 378
H......Page 379
K......Page 381
N......Page 382
O......Page 383
P......Page 385
S......Page 386
T......Page 387
U......Page 388
Z......Page 389