The Radiology Survival Kit: What You Need to Know for USMLE and the Clinics

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Contents
Editors and Contributors
Volume Editors
Associate Editors
Contributors
Part I: General
	The Radiology and Images Survival Kit: What You Need to Know for Boards and Clinics
		1	 Summary: Aims and Scope
		2	 Chapter Organizational Themes
	Introduction and Basic Principles of Radiology
		1	 Radiation Awareness
		2	 IV Contrast
			2.1	 Renal Insufficiency and Gadolinium
		3	 Terminology
		4	 Bright Versus Dark (Mechanism) (Main Example)
			4.1	 Technique: Looking Good on Rounds
			4.2	 Technique: Cardiomegaly or Not?
			4.3	 Underinflation or Expiratory CXR
			4.4	 Systematic Approach
		5	 A Word on Research Versus Clinical Questions and Compliance
			5.1	 Closing Thoughts
		6	 Silly Facts About Which They Love to Ask and Tips and Strategies for Evaluating Images
		7	 Silly Facts on Which They Love to Test
	Philosophy and Approach to the Boards
Part II: Core Radiology
	Chest X-Ray and Chest CT
		1	 Systematic Approach to the Chest X-Ray
		2	 The Normal Chest X-Ray
		3	 Lines and Tubes
			3.1	 Central Venous Catheter
			3.2	 Swan-Ganz Catheter
			3.3	 Enteric Tube
			3.4	 Esophageal pH Probe
			3.5	 Chest Tube
			3.6	 Endotracheal Tube
		4	 Lungs and Pleura
			4.1	 Pneumothorax
			4.2	 Atelectasis
			4.3	 Right Lower Lobe Collapse
			4.4	 Left Lower Lobe Collapse
			4.5	 Right Middle Lobe Collapse
			4.6	 Right Upper Lobe Collapse
			4.7	 Left Upper Lobe Collapse
			4.8	 Alveolar Airspace Disease
			4.9	 Pneumonia
			4.10	 Pulmonary Hemorrhage
			4.11	 Pulmonary Edema
			4.12	 Lung Cancer
			4.13	 Pulmonary Cavitation
			4.14	 Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
			4.15	 Emphysema
			4.16	 Pleural Effusion
			4.17	 Pleural Plaques
		5	 Pulmonary Vasculature
			5.1	 Pulmonary Embolism
		6	 Heart and Pericardium
			6.1	 Cardiac Devices
			6.2	 Chamber Enlargement
			6.3	 Pericardial Effusion/Cardiac Tamponade
		7	 Systemic Vasculature
			7.1	 Aortic Dissection
			7.2	 Aortic Coarctation
		8	 Hilum/Mediastinum
			8.1	 Pneumomediastinum and Pneumopericardium
			8.2	 Mediastinal Masses
			8.3	 Hilar Lymphadenopathy
		9	 Do Not Miss Findings on CXR Outside of the Thorax
			9.1	 Pneumoperitoneum
			9.2	 Thoracic Musculoskeletal Trauma
		References
	Abdominal Imaging
		1	 Liver
			1.1	 Liver Disease
				1.1.1	 Hepatic Steatosis and Hemosiderosis
				1.1.2	 Hepatitis
				1.1.3	 Cirrhosis
			1.2	 Liver Focal Lesion
				1.2.1	 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)/Hepatoma
				1.2.2	 Metastases
				1.2.3	 Hepatic Abscess
				1.2.4	 Other Benign Lesions: Cyst, Hemangioma, Focal Nodular Dysplasia (FNH)
			1.3	 Liver Traumatic Injury
		2	 Gallbladder and Biliary Tract
			2.1	 Gallbladder Cholecystosis
			2.2	 Gallstone Disease
			2.3	 Cholangiocarcinoma
		3	 Spleen
			3.1	 Cysts
			3.2	 Hemangioma
			3.3	 Hamartoma
			3.4	 Abscess
				3.4.1	 Pyogenic Abscess
			3.5	 Fungal or Parasitic Abscess
			3.6	 Mycobacterial Abscess
			3.7	 Infarction
		4	 Pancreas
			4.1	 Acute Pancreatitis
				4.1.1	 Interstitial Edematous Pancreatitis
				4.1.2	 Necrotizing Pancreatitis
				4.1.3	 Chronic Pancreatitis
			4.2	 Cystic Pancreatic Lesions
			4.3	 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PDA)
		5	 Bowel
			5.1	 Appendicitis
			5.2	 Diverticulitis
			5.3	 Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
				5.3.1	 Crohn’s Disease
				5.3.2	 Ulcerative Colitis
			5.4	 Small Bowel Obstruction
			5.5	 Colorectal Cancer
			5.6	 Carcinoid Tumor
			5.7	 Intestinal Vascular Disorders
				5.7.1	 Mesenteric Ischemia
				5.7.2	 Ischemic Colitis
		6	 Adrenal Glands
			6.1	 Functioning Adrenal Masses
			6.2	 Nonfunctioning Adrenal Masses
		7	 Kidneys
			7.1	 Renal Stones
			7.2	 Pyelonephritis
			7.3	 Kidney Infarction
			7.4	 Renal Masses
				7.4.1	 Cysts
				7.4.2	 Angiomyolipoma
				7.4.3	 Oncocytoma
				7.4.4	 Renal Cell Carcinoma
		References
	Neuroradiology
		1	 Vascular Pathology
			1.1	 Epidural Hematoma
			1.2	 Subdural Hematoma
			1.3	 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
			1.4	 Pseudo-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
			1.5	 Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm
		2	 Infection
			2.1	 Brain Abscess
			2.2	 Osteomyelitis-Discitis and Epidural Abscess
			2.3	 Prion Disease
			2.4	 Neurocysticercosis
			2.5	 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
		3	 Demyelination
			3.1	 Multiple Sclerosis
		4	 Toxicity
			4.1	 Methanol Poisoning
			4.2	 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
		5	 Metabolism
			5.1	 Wernicke Encephalopathy
			5.2	 Subacute Combined Degeneration
			5.3	 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
			5.4	 Pontine Myelinolysis
		6	 Neoplasm
			6.1	 Glioblastoma
			6.2	 Cord Compression from Metastatic Disease
			6.3	 Schwannomas
			6.4	 Neurofibromatosis Type 2
			6.5	 Neurofibromatosis Type 1
		7	 Congenital Malformations
			7.1	 Chiari 1 Malformation
			7.2	 Chiari II Malformation with Myelomeningocele
		8	 Neurodegenerative Disease
			8.1	 Alzheimer’s Disease
		References
	Emergencies/Common On-Call Scenarios/Specific Cases Imaging
		1	 Strategies for Multiple-Choice Questions
			1.1	 What You See Is All There Is (WYSIATI)
			1.2	 The Negative Image
			1.3	 History Is King
			1.4	 More Exam-Taking Tips
		2	 Chest Case 1
			2.1	 Learning Points: Tension Pneumothorax
		3	 Chest Case 2
			3.1	 Learning Points: Aortic Dissection
		4	 Chest Case 3
			4.1	 Learning Points: Pulmonary Embolism (“PE”)
		5	 Brain Cases
			5.1	 Learning Points: Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke
		6	 Spine Case
			6.1	 Learning Points: Cervical Spine Fracture
		7	 Abdominal Case 1
			7.1	 Learning Points: Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
		8	 Abdominal Case 2
			8.1	 Learning Points: Pneumoperitoneum
		9	 Abdominal Cases 3 and 4
			9.1	 Learning Points: Pneumatosis Intestinalis
		10	 Abdominal Cases 5, 6, and 7
			10.1	 Learning Points: Appendicitis
		11	 Abdominal Case 8
			11.1	 Learning Points: Acute Calculous Cholecystitis
		12	 Obstetric Case
			12.1	 Learning Points: Ectopic Pregnancy
		References
	Musculoskeletal and Bone Imaging
		1	 Introduction
		2	 MSK Imaging Modalities
			2.1	 Radiography (x-ray)
			2.2	 Computed Tomography (CT)
			2.3	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
			2.4	 Ultrasound (US)
			2.5	 Nuclear Medicine (Bone Scan)
		3	 MSK Anatomy Basics
			3.1	 Bones and Bone Marrow
			3.2	 Muscles and Tendons
			3.3	 Ligaments
			3.4	 Cartilage
		4	 MSK Disorders
			4.1	 Trauma
				4.1.1	 Fractures
				4.1.2	 Soft Tissue Injuries
			4.2	 Infection
				4.2.1	 Bone Infection
				4.2.2	 Muscle Infection
				4.2.3	 Joint Infection
				4.2.4	 Soft Tissue Infection
			4.3	 Arthritis
			4.4	 Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions
		References
Part III: Other Imaging & Q Bank
	Vascular, Interventional Radiology, and Interventional Oncology
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Vascular Accesses
		3	 Vascular Interventional Radiology
		4	 Arterial System
			4.1	 Visceral Arteries
			4.2	 Arteries of the Lower Limb
			4.3	 EVAR/TEVAR
			4.4	 Hemorrhagic Pathology
			4.5	 Tips
			4.6	 Uterine Artery Embolization – UAE
			4.7	 Prostatic Artery Embolization – PAE
		5	 Venous System
			5.1	 Deep Vein Thrombosis
			5.2	 Varicocele Sclero-Embolization
		6	 Interventional Oncology
		7	 Endovascular Interventions
		8	 Percutaneous Interventions
		References
	Women’s Imaging/Mammography
		1	 Gynecologic Imaging
			1.1	 Pelvic Ultrasound
			1.2	 Other Pelvic Imaging Studies
			1.3	 Pelvic Pain
				1.3.1	 Differential Diagnoses in the Non-pregnant Patient
				1.3.2	 Differential Diagnoses in the Pregnant Patient
			1.4	 Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
		2	 Breast Imaging
			2.1	 Imaging Modalities
			2.2	 Description of Findings
			2.3	 Palpable Abnormality – Common Benign Entities (Fig. 23)
			2.4	 Breast Cancer
			2.5	 Male Breast
			2.6	 Breast Emergencies
		References
	Ophthalmology Imaging
		1	 Neuro-Ophthalmology
			1.1	 Visual Field Defects
			1.2	 Horner’s Syndrome
			1.3	 Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension)
			1.4	 Multiple Sclerosis
			1.5	 Neurofibromatosis
			1.6	 Cranial Nerve Palsies
		2	 Oculoplastics
			2.1	 Dacryocystitis
			2.2	 Hordeolum/Chalazion
			2.3	 Preseptal Vs. Orbital Cellulitis
			2.4	 Thyroid Eye Disease
			2.5	 Orbital Fracture
		3	 Cornea and External Disease
			3.1	 Herpes Simplex Keratoconjunctivitis
			3.2	 Corneal Ulcer
			3.3	 Endophthalmitis
		4	 Glaucoma
			4.1	 Glaucoma
			4.2	 Open-Angle Glaucoma
			4.3	 Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
		5	 Retina
			5.1	 Diabetic Retinopathy
			5.2	 Hypertensive Retinopathy
			5.3	 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMRD)S
			5.4	 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinopathy
			5.5	 Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO), Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)
			5.6	 Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO), Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)
		6	 Oncology
			6.1	 Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
			6.2	 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
			6.3	 Choroidal Melanoma
			6.4	 Retinoblastoma
			6.5	 Rhabdomyosarcoma
		7	 Pediatrics
			7.1	 Sturge-Weber Syndrome
			7.2	 Leukocoria
			7.3	 Neonatal Conjunctivitis
		References
	Dermatology Imaging
		1	 Pyoderma Gangrenosum (PG)
		2	 Necrotizing Fasciitis
		3	 Burns
		4	 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)
		5	 Urticaria (+/− Angioedema)
		6	 Angioedema Without Urticaria: Acquired v. AD Hereditary (Types I-III)
		7	 Atopic Dermatitis (AD, Eczema)
		8	 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV, Human Herpes Virus 1 and 2)
		9	 Scabies
		10	 Infantile Hemangioma (IH)
		11	 Tinea (Pityriasis) Versicolor
		12	 Tinea, Dermatophytoses
		13	 Bullous Pemphigoid (BP)
		14	 Hypertrophic and Keloid Scars
		15	 Psoriasis
		16	 Hypersensitivity Reactions
		17	 Contact Dermatitis
		18	 Molluscum Contagiosum
		19	 Seborrheic Dermatitis
		20	 Vitiligo
		21	 Impetigo
		22	 Acne Vulgaris
		23	 Folliculitis
		24	 Pityriasis Rosea
		25	 Rosacea
		26	 Senile Purpura
		27	 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
		28	 Pemphigus Vulgaris
		29	 Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) “Acne Inversa”
		30	 Stasis Dermatitis
		31	 Cellulitis
		32	 Erysipelas
		33	 Hyperpigmentation Disorders
		34	 Skin Neoplasms
			34.1	 Melanoma
			34.2	 Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
			34.3	 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
			34.4	 Actinic Keratosis (AK)
			34.5	 Seborrheic Keratosis (SK)
			34.6	 Lentigines
		35	 Varicella Zoster Virus (Human Herpes Virus-3)
		36	 Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
		References
			Helpful Resources
	Clinical Rotation Tips/Practical Tips for Ordering Imaging Tests: Plain X-Ray, Ultrasound, CT, MRI
		References
	Question bank
		1	 Emergencies
		2	 Chest
		3	 Neuroradiology/Brain/CNS
		4	 Abdomen
		5	 Bone and Musculoskeletal
		6	 Vascular/Interventional Radiology
		7	 Women’s Imaging
			7.1	 Case 1
			7.2	 Case 2
			7.3	 Case 3
			7.4	 Case 4
			7.5	 Case 5
		8	 Clinical Tips
		9	 Ophthalmology/Eye
		10	 Dermatology/Skin
			10.1	 Scenario 1
			10.2	 Scenario 2
		Suggested Reading
			Helpful Resources
	Google Image Search Terms
		1	 Perspectives from a Medical Student on Using This Resource
		2	 Tips on How to Study and Search Google Image
		3	 Google Image Search Terms
Index