The Psychology of Quality of Life: Wellbeing and Positive Mental Health

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Philosophical Foundations, Definitions, and Measures of Wellbeing
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Happiness Is Both a Philosophical and Psychological Concept
		1.3 Happiness as a Strong and Universal Motive
		1.4 Bentham Versus Aristotle
		1.5 Three Philosophical Views of Happiness
			1.5.1 Psychological Happiness (Hedonic Or Emotional Wellbeing)
			1.5.2 Psychological Happiness as Positive and Negative Affect
				1.5.2.1 Psychological Happiness as Hedonic Sensations of Momentary Pleasures
				1.5.2.2 Psychological Happiness as Neuronal Chemical Release of Dopamine in the Brain
				1.5.2.3 Psychological Happiness as Utility
				1.5.2.4 Psychological Happiness as Emotional Wellbeing
			1.5.3 Prudential Happiness (Life Satisfaction Or the Cognitive Component of Subjective Wellbeing)
				1.5.3.1 Prudential Happiness as Life Satisfaction
				1.5.3.2 Prudential Happiness as Domain Satisfaction
				1.5.3.3 Prudential Happiness as Flow and Engagement
				1.5.3.4 Prudential Happiness as Desire Satisfaction
				1.5.3.5 Prudential Happiness as Attitudinal Pleasure
			1.5.4 Perfectionist Happiness (Eudaimonia or Psychological Wellbeing)
				1.5.4.1 Perfectionist Happiness as Eudaimonia
				1.5.4.2 Perfectionist Happiness as Purpose and Meaning in Life
				1.5.4.3 Perfectionist Happiness as Positive Mental Health Or Flourishing
				1.5.4.4 Perfectionist Happiness as Satisfaction of the Full Spectrum of Human Needs (Basic and Growth Needs)
				1.5.4.5 Perfectionist Happiness as Wisdom
				1.5.4.6 Perfectionist Happiness as Resilience
				1.5.4.7 Perfectionist Happiness as Functional Wellbeing
		1.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Further Distinctions Among Major Concepts of Wellbeing
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Subjective Versus Objective Aspects of Quality of Life
		2.3 Inputs Versus Outcomes of Quality of Life
		2.4 Inner Versus Outer Aspects of Quality of Life
		2.5 Happiness Versus Life Satisfaction
		2.6 Subjective Wellbeing as an Umbrella Concept
			2.6.1 Cognitive Versus Affective
			2.6.2 Positive Versus Negative
			2.6.3 Short Term Versus Long Term
		2.7 Subjective Wellbeing Versus Eudaimonia
		2.8 Subjective Wellbeing Versus Psychological Wellbeing
		2.9 Hedonic Wellbeing Versus Eudaimonic Wellbeing
		2.10 An Ontological Model of Wellbeing
		2.11 A Structural Model of Wellbeing and Illbeing
		2.12 A Hierarchical Model of Wellbeing and Illbeing
		2.13 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Positive Outcomes of Wellbeing
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Wellbeing Effects on Health
			3.2.1 Life Expectancy and Longevity
			3.2.2 Physical Deteriorations and Morbidity
			3.2.3 Recovery from Illness
			3.2.4 Perception of Pain and Reactivity to Stress
			3.2.5 Cardiovascular Disease
			3.2.6 The Immune System
			3.2.7 Summary
		3.3 Wellbeing Effects on Achievement and Work
			3.3.1 Productivity and Job Performance
			3.3.2 Organizational Citizenship
			3.3.3 Creative Thinking, Problem Solving, Wisdom, and Professional Achievement
			3.3.4 Long-Term Financial Achievement and Success
			3.3.5 Absenteeism, Tardiness, Turnover, and Accident Rates
			3.3.6 Cooperativeness and Interpersonal Conflict
			3.3.7 Customer Satisfaction and Organizational Profitability
			3.3.8 Summary
		3.4 Wellbeing Effects on Social Relationships, Prosocial Behavior, Trust, and Future Happiness
		3.5 How Much Happiness Is Optimal?
		3.6 Happiness Is Adaptive
		3.7 How About Illbeing?
		3.8 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Objective Reality and Effects on Wellbeing
	References
	Chapter 4: Effects of Technological, Economic, Political, and Socio-Cultural Factors on Wellbeing
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Technological Effects on Wellbeing
			4.2.1 Complimentary Processes
			4.2.2 Interference Processes
			4.2.3 Moderating Effects
		4.3 Economic Effects on Wellbeing
			4.3.1 Economic Fluctuations
			4.3.2 Market Openness
			4.3.3 Income Inequality
			4.3.4 Unemployment
			4.3.5 Inflation
			4.3.6 Welfare System
			4.3.7 Labor Unions
		4.4 Political Effects on Wellbeing
			4.4.1 Democratic Governance
			4.4.2 Economic and Political Freedoms
			4.4.3 Participatory Democracy
			4.4.4 Good Governance
			4.4.5 War
		4.5 Socio-Cultural Effects on Wellbeing
			4.5.1 Social Quality
			4.5.2 Social Capital
			4.5.3 Cultural Values
			4.5.4 Social Change
			4.5.5 Pace of Life
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Effects of Resources (Time, Money, Income, and Wealth) on Wellbeing
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Effects of Time on Wellbeing
			5.2.1 What Activities People Spend Time Produce the Greatest Happiness?
			5.2.2 How Savoring Time Can Produce Happiness?
			5.2.3 How People Extract Meaning from Time?
		5.3 Effects of Money on Wellbeing
			5.3.1 Spending Money on What?
			5.3.2 Effects of Time versus Money
		5.4 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing
			5.4.1 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing: Individual Level and Short-Term
			5.4.2 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing: Individual Level and Long-Term
			5.4.3 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing: National Level and Short-Term
			5.4.4 Effects of Income and Wealth on Wellbeing: National Level and Long-Term
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Effects of Demographic Factors on Wellbeing
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Effects of Age
			6.2.1 Wellbeing in Infancy
			6.2.2 Wellbeing in Childhood
			6.2.3 Wellbeing in Adolescence
			6.2.4 Wellbeing in Early Adulthood
			6.2.5 Wellbeing in Middle Adulthood
			6.2.6 Wellbeing in Late Adulthood
		6.3 Effects of Gender
			6.3.1 Moderating Effects
			6.3.2 Theoretical Viewpoints
		6.4 Effects of Marital Status, Family Composition, and Family Life Cycle
			6.4.1 Marriage
			6.4.2 Having Children (Parenthood)
			6.4.3 Divorce and Widowhood
			6.4.4 Cohabitation
			6.4.5 Adoptive and Blended Families
			6.4.6 Same-Sex Marriage and Partnerships
			6.4.7 Moderator Effects
		6.5 Effects of Ethnicity and Minority Status
			6.5.1 Racial-Ethnic Discrimination
			6.5.2 Racial-Ethnic Identity
			6.5.3 Acculturation and Enculturation
			6.5.4 Racial and Ethnic Socialization
		6.6 Effects of Education
		6.7 Effects of Other Demographic Variables
		6.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Effects of Personal and Consumption Activities on Wellbeing
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Theories Related to Personal Activities
			7.2.1 Classical Conditioning
			7.2.2 Activity Theory
			7.2.3 Flow
			7.2.4 Personal Expressiveness
			7.2.5 Self-Determination
		7.3 Effects of Specific Personal Activities
			7.3.1 Physical Activities
			7.3.2 Social Activities
			7.3.3 Leisure and Recreation Activities
			7.3.4 Spiritual and Community Activities
			7.3.5 Consumption Activities
				7.3.5.1 Pattern of Consumption
				7.3.5.2 Procedure of Consumption
				7.3.5.3 Match Between the Choice Phase and the Consumption Phase
				7.3.5.4 Type of Consumption
				7.3.5.5 Other Factors in Consumption
		7.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Effects of Biology, Drugs, Life Events, and the Environment on Wellbeing
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Effects of Biology
			8.2.1 Genes
			8.2.2 Hormones
			8.2.3 Stress, Anxiety, and Depression
			8.2.4 Food, Sex, and Drugs
			8.2.5 Diet Quality
			8.2.6 Sleep
			8.2.7 Physical Exercise
			8.2.8 Obesity
			8.2.9 Body Image
			8.2.10 Diurnal Preference and Day of the Week
		8.3 Effects of Health
			8.3.1 Physical Health
			8.3.2 Mental Health
			8.3.3 How Does Health Impact Wellbeing?
		8.4 Effects of Drugs and Substance Abuse
			8.4.1 Drugs and Our Understanding of Neurochemicals
			8.4.2 Drugs and Our Understanding of the Brain Reward Center
		8.5 Effects of Life Events
			8.5.1 Facilitating Adaptation to Negative Events
			8.5.2 Mitigating Adaptation to Positive Events
		8.6 Effects of the Physical Environment
			8.6.1 Seasonal Variation, Climate, and Weather
			8.6.2 The Natural Environment
			8.6.3 Environmental Pathogens
			8.6.4 Resource Scarcity
		8.7 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Subjective Reality and Effects on Wellbeing
	References
	Chapter 9: Effects of Personality on Wellbeing
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Which Personality Traits Influence Wellbeing?
			9.2.1 Neuroticism and Extraversion
			9.2.2 Self-esteem
			9.2.3 Affective Disposition
			9.2.4 Character Strengths
			9.2.5 Other Personality Traits
		9.3 Theories Explaining How Personality Influences Wellbeing
			9.3.1 Instrumental Theory and Temperament Theory
			9.3.2 Top-Down Theory
			9.3.3 Set-Point Theory
			9.3.4 Genotype Theory of Happiness
			9.3.5 Dynamic Equilibrium Theory
			9.3.6 Homeostatically-Protected Mood Theory
		9.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Effects of Affect and Cognition on Wellbeing
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Mood
		10.3 Causal Attribution
			10.3.1 Attribution Theory of Happiness
			10.3.2 Attribution Theory of Depression
		10.4 Appraisals
			10.4.1 Rational-Emotive Psychotherapy
		10.5 Meaning to Life
			10.5.1 Theory of Personal Meaning
			10.5.2 Meaning-Based Positive Psychology Interventions
		10.6 Habituation
		10.7 Cognitive Frames
			10.7.1 Multiple Discrepancies Theory
			10.7.2 Congruity Theory of Life Satisfaction
		10.8 Cognitive Outlooks
			10.8.1 Mindfulness
			10.8.2 Gratitude
			10.8.3 Optimism
			10.8.4 Self-Esteem
			10.8.5 Autonomy, Locus of Control, Competence, and Connectedness
			10.8.6 Attributional Style
			10.8.7 Ruminative Style
			10.8.8 Strengths
		10.9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Effects of Beliefs and Values on Wellbeing
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Effects of Generalized Beliefs on Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life
			11.2.1 Effects of Positive Views
			11.2.2 Effects of Trust
			11.2.3 Effects of Forgiveness and Gratitude
			11.2.4 Effects of Political Persuasion
			11.2.5 Effects of Religious Beliefs
			11.2.6 Effects of Social Axioms
		11.3 Effects of Personal Values on Wellbeing
		11.4 Research Related to the Schwartz Values
			11.4.1 Direct Association
			11.4.2 Match between Personal Values and the Cultural Environment
			11.4.3 Attaining Valued Goals
		11.5 Research Related to Specific Values
			11.5.1 Effects of Individualism-Collectivism Orientation
			11.5.2 Effects of Secularism
			11.5.3 Effects of Materialism
		11.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Effects of Needs and Need Satisfaction on Wellbeing
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Concepts and Theories
			12.2.1 Needs for Having, Loving, and Being
			12.2.2 Needs for Being, Belonging, and Becoming
			12.2.3 Physical, Social, and Self-Actualization Needs
			12.2.4 Max Neef´s Theory of Human Scale Development (HSD)
			12.2.5 The Need for Self-determination (Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness)
			12.2.6 The Needs for a Pleasant Life, an Engaged Life, and a Meaningful Life
			12.2.7 The PERMA Model
			12.2.8 The Human Need for Flourishing
			12.2.9 The Need for a Life Purpose
			12.2.10 A Hierarchy of Unsatisfied Needs
			12.2.11 Fundamental Motives and Life History
		12.3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Effects of Goals on Wellbeing
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Goal Valence
			13.2.1 Effects of Meaningful Goals
			13.2.2 Effects of Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Goals
			13.2.3 Effects of Abstract Versus Concrete Goals
			13.2.4 Effects of Hygiene Versus Motivational Goals
			13.2.5 Effects of Approach Versus Avoidance Goals
			13.2.6 Effects of Goals Related to Deprived Versus Non-deprived Needs
			13.2.7 Effects of Autonomous Versus Non-autonomous Goals
			13.2.8 Effects of Goals Related to Flow
		13.3 Goal Expectancy
			13.3.1 Effects of Adaptable Versus Non-adaptable Goals
			13.3.2 Effects of Goals That Are Congruent Versus Non-congruent with Cultural Norms
			13.3.3 Effects of Goals That Are Congruent versus Non-congruent with Personal Motives
			13.3.4 Effects of Goals That Are Congruent Versus Non-congruent with Personal Resources
			13.3.5 Effects of Goals That Are Realistic Versus Non-realistic
			13.3.6 Effects of Goal Conflict
		13.4 Goal Implementation
			13.4.1 Effects of Goal Commitment and Persistence
			13.4.2 Effects of Concrete Thinking
			13.4.3 Other Factors Playing a Role in Goal Implementation
		13.5 Goal Progress, Attainment, and Nonattainment
			13.5.1 Effects of Recognition of Goal Attainment
			13.5.2 Effects of Perceived Goal Progress
			13.5.3 Effects of Goal Nonattainment
		13.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Effects of Self-Concept on Wellbeing
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Self-Concept Theory
		14.3 Effects of Various Self-Concept Dimensions
			14.3.1 The Ideal Self
			14.3.2 The Social Self
			14.3.3 The Deserved Self
			14.3.4 The Minimum-Needs Self
			14.3.5 The Predicted Self
			14.3.6 The Competent Self
			14.3.7 The Aspired Self
			14.3.8 The True Self
		14.4 Self-Concept Dynamics
			14.4.1 Self-Concept Differentiation versus Integration
			14.4.2 Self-Enhancement versus Self-Consistency
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Effects of Social Comparisons on Wellbeing
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Impact of Social Comparisons
		15.3 Motivational Sources of Social Comparisons
			15.3.1 Self-Enhancement
				15.3.1.1 Life Satisfaction
				15.3.1.2 Depression and Anxiety
				15.3.1.3 Morale
				15.3.1.4 Happiness of People in Poor versus Rich Countries
				15.3.1.5 Differences in Socio-Economic Status
				15.3.1.6 Friendship
				15.3.1.7 Satisfaction with Healthcare System
				15.3.1.8 Unemployment
				15.3.1.9 Crime and Corruption
				15.3.1.10 Body Dissatisfaction
				15.3.1.11 African Americans
				15.3.1.12 Facebook and Social Media
				15.3.1.13 COVID-19 and Social Isolation
			15.3.2 Self-Improvement
				15.3.2.1 Cancer Patients
				15.3.2.2 Socio-Economic Status
				15.3.2.3 Asian Canadians
				15.3.2.4 Self-Esteem and Facebook
				15.3.2.5 Self-Esteem and Individualism versus Collectivism
				15.3.2.6 Body Satisfaction
				15.3.2.7 School Children and Academic Performance
			15.3.3 Self-Identification
				15.3.3.1 Sports Fans
				15.3.3.2 School Status
				15.3.3.3 Task Performance
				15.3.3.4 Facebook and Social Media
		15.4 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Life Domains and Effects on Wellbeing
	Chapter 16: Effects of Domain Dynamics on Wellbeing
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Life Experiences Are Segmented in Life Domains
		16.3 Life Domain Theories of Wellbeing
			16.3.1 Bottom-up Spillover Theory
			16.3.2 Horizontal Spillover Theory
			16.3.3 Segmentation Theory
			16.3.4 Compensation Theory
			16.3.5 Balance Theory
			16.3.6 Detraction Theory
			16.3.7 Role Conflict Theory
		16.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Work Wellbeing
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 What Is Work Wellbeing?
			17.2.1 Work Wellbeing as Meaningful Work
			17.2.2 Work Wellbeing as an Affective Response toward the Work Environment
			17.2.3 Work Wellbeing as Ratio of Positive and Negative Affect Experienced at Work
			17.2.4 Work Wellbeing as Need Satisfaction through Organizational Resources
			17.2.5 Work Wellbeing as Satisfaction in Work Life
			17.2.6 Work Wellbeing Is a Component of the Broader Employee Wellbeing Concept
			17.2.7 Job-Specific Wellbeing and Context-Free Wellbeing
			17.2.8 The European Commission Definition of Quality of Work
		17.3 How Does Work Wellbeing Contribute to Positive Mental Health?
			17.3.1 Domain Satisfaction Theories
			17.3.2 Role Theories
			17.3.3 Resource Theories
			17.3.4 Ego-Involvement Theories
			17.3.5 Human Development Theories
			17.3.6 Goal Theories
		17.4 What Are Other Consequences of Work Wellbeing?
		17.5 What Are the Preditors of Work Wellbeing?
			17.5.1 The Work Environment
			17.5.2 Employee Characteristics
			17.5.3 Work-Related Behaviors
		17.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Residential Wellbeing
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 What is Residential Wellbeing?
			18.2.1 Gap between Actual and Desired Housing and Neighborhood Conditions
			18.2.2 Residents´ Attitude toward their Living Space
			18.2.3 Resident´s Feelings of Gratification from Living in a Specific Place
			18.2.4 Residents´ Feelings of Satisfaction with the Community at Large
			18.2.5 Residents´ Perceptions/Evaluations/Satisfaction of Community Amenities/Services/Conditions
			18.2.6 Perceptions and Evaluations of the Community by Planners
			18.2.7 Community Pride
			18.2.8 Satisfaction with Dwelling Features
			18.2.9 Domain Satisfaction
		18.3 Does Residential Wellbeing Play a Significant Role in the Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life?
		18.4 Factors Affecting Residential Wellbeing
			18.4.1 Institutional Factors
			18.4.2 Social Factors
			18.4.3 Environmental Factors
			18.4.4 Economic Factors
			18.4.5 Geographic Factors
		18.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19: Material Wellbeing
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 What Is Material Wellbeing?
			19.2.1 Evaluation of One´s Financial Situation
			19.2.2 Evaluation of One´s Standard of Living
			19.2.3 Feelings of Financial Security
			19.2.4 Objective Indicators of Economic Wellbeing
			19.2.5 Consumers´ Feelings about Major Goods and Services
			19.2.6 Satisfaction with Acquisition of Consumer Goods/Services and Possession of Major Consumer Durables
			19.2.7 Satisfaction with Specific Categories of Obtained Goods and Services That Are Purchased through Local Retail Institutio...
			19.2.8 Satisfaction with Acquisition, Preparation, Possession, Consumption, Maintenance, and Disposal of Materials Goods
		19.3 Effects of Material Wellbeing on Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life
		19.4 Explaining the Material Wellbeing Effect on Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life
			19.4.1 Bottom-Up Spillover
			19.4.2 Top-Down Spillover
			19.4.3 Self-Determination
			19.4.4 Cognitive Association
		19.5 Predictors of Material Wellbeing and Subjective Aspects of Quality Of Life
			19.5.1 Personal Factors
			19.5.2 Contextual Factors
		19.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Social, Family, and Marital Wellbeing
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 What Is Social, Family, and Marital Wellbeing?
			20.2.1 Satisfaction with Social Life
			20.2.2 Social Adjustment
			20.2.3 Social Capital
			20.2.4 Social Support
			20.2.5 Family Life Quality
			20.2.6 Satisfaction with Family Life
			20.2.7 Social and Family Functioning
			20.2.8 Family Quality of Life
			20.2.9 Relationship Happiness, Satisfaction, or Quality
			20.2.10 Involvement in and Quality of Romantic Relationship
		20.3 Does Social, Family, and Marital Wellbeing Contribute Significantly to Positive Mental Health?
		20.4 Explaining the Social/Family/Marital Wellbeing Effects on Positive Mental Health
			20.4.1 The Need to Belong
			20.4.2 Attachment
			20.4.3 The Buffering Effect of Family
			20.4.4 Bottom-up Spillover
			20.4.5 Horizontal Spillover
			20.4.6 Compensation
			20.4.7 Mattering
			20.4.8 The Triangular Theory of Love
			20.4.9 Passionate versus Companionate Love
		20.5 Effects of Social/Family/Marital Wellbeing on Other Health Outcomes
		20.6 Predictors of Social, Family, and Marital Wellbeing
			20.6.1 Social and Family-related Factors
			20.6.2 Individual Difference Factors
			20.6.3 Factors Dealing with Conflict between Family and Work
				20.6.3.1 Work-Related Variables
				20.6.3.2 Individual and Family-Related Variables
				20.6.3.3 Institutional Factors
				20.6.3.4 Product and Services-Related Variables
		20.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 21: Health Wellbeing
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 What Is Health Wellbeing?
			21.2.1 Successful Adjustment to Illness
			21.2.2 Good Functional Status
			21.2.3 Perceptions of Low Illness Symptoms
			21.2.4 Satisfaction with Personal Health
			21.2.5 Positive Mood and Affect
			21.2.6 Satisfaction with Personal Health and Related Life Domains
		21.3 Does Health Wellbeing Contribute Significantly to Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life?
		21.4 Explaining the Health Wellbeing Effect on Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life
			21.4.1 Bottom-Up Spillover Theory
			21.4.2 Homeostatic Control Theory
		21.5 Predictors of Health Wellbeing
			21.5.1 Personal Health Factors
			21.5.2 Health Care Factors
			21.5.3 Psychographics
		21.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 22: Leisure Wellbeing
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 What IS Leisure Wellbeing?
			22.2.1 Satisfaction with Leisure Life
			22.2.2 Satisfaction with Important Dimensions of Leisure Life
			22.2.3 Perceived Recreation Quality
			22.2.4 Satisfaction with Leisure Time
			22.2.5 Satisfaction with a Specific Leisure Event
		22.3 Does Leisure Well-Being Contribute to Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life?
		22.4 Theories Explaining the Link Between Leisure Wellbeing and Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life
			22.4.1 Physiology and Genetics
			22.4.2 Social Motivation
			22.4.3 Effectance Motivation
			22.4.4 Intrinsic Motivation and Flow
			22.4.5 Telic versus Paratelic States
			22.4.6 Sensation Seeking
			22.4.7 Activity
			22.4.8 Bottom-up Spillover
			22.4.9 Benefits
			22.4.10 The DRAMMA Model
		22.5 Predictors of Leisure Wellbeing
			22.5.1 Activity Factors
			22.5.2 Time Factors
			22.5.3 Individual Differences
			22.5.4 Situational Factors
			22.5.5 Cultural Factors
			22.5.6 Constraints
		22.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 23: Wellbeing in Other Domains
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Spiritual Wellbeing
			23.2.1 What is Spiritual Wellbeing?
			23.2.2 Does Spiritual Wellbeing Affect Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life?
			23.2.3 Are There Other Consequences to Spiritual Wellbeing?
			23.2.4 How Does Spiritual Wellbeing Influence Subjective Wellbeing?
			23.2.5 What Are the Determinants of Spiritual Well Being?
			23.2.6 Additional Thoughts
		23.3 Political and National Wellbeing
		23.4 Environmental Wellbeing
		23.5 Educational Wellbeing
			23.5.1 What is Educational Wellbeing?
			23.5.2 What is the Relationship between Educational Wellbeing and Life Satisfaction?
			23.5.3 What Are Possible Sources of Educational Wellbeing?
		23.6 Sexual Wellbeing
			23.6.1 What is Sexual Wellbeing?
			23.6.2 How Does Sexual Wellbeing Contribute to Overall Wellbeing and Positive Mental Health?
			23.6.3 Contemporary Trends
		23.7 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Population Segments and Wellbeing
	Chapter 24: The Wellbeing of Children and Youth
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 How Is the Wellbeing of Children and Youth Conceptualized?
			24.2.1 The Wellbeing of Children of Pre-School Age
			24.2.2 The Wellbeing of Children of Elementary School Age
			24.2.3 The Wellbeing of Children of Middle-School Age
			24.2.4 The Wellbeing of Adolescents
			24.2.5 The Wellbeing of College Students
		24.3 Explaining the Wellbeing of Children and Youth
			24.3.1 Social Development Theory
			24.3.2 Attachment Theory
			24.3.3 Ecological Theory
		24.4 Factors Affecting the Wellbeing of Children and Youth
			24.4.1 Situational Factors
			24.4.2 Personality Factors
			24.4.3 Demographic and Psychographic Factors
			24.4.4 Social Factors
			24.4.5 Socio-Economic and Socio-Cultural Factors
		24.5 Wellbeing Indicators of Children and Youth
		24.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 25: The Wellbeing of Older Adults
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 What Is Quality of Life for Seniors?
			25.2.1 Global Judgments of Life Satisfaction
			25.2.2 Affective and Cognitive Judgments of Wellbeing
			25.2.3 Satisfaction of Salient Life Domains
			25.2.4 Satisfaction of Needs Salient to Seniors
		25.3 Explaining the Subjective Asspects of Quality of Life of Seniors
			25.3.1 Activity Theory
			25.3.2 Socio-Emotional Selectivity Theory
			25.3.3 Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Theory
			25.3.4 Continuity Theory
			25.3.5 Innovation Theory
		25.4 Factors Affecting the Wellbeing of Seniors
			25.4.1 Effects of Health-Related Factors
			25.4.2 Effects of Personal Values
			25.4.3 Effects of Social Factors
			25.4.4 Effects of Residential Factors
			25.4.5 Effects of Social and Leisure Activities
			25.4.6 Effects of Socio-Economic Factors
		25.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 26: The Wellbeing of Women
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 What Is Hedonic Wellbeing, Life Satisfaction, and Eudaimonia for Women?
		26.3 Explaining Women´s Wellbeing (vis-à-vis Men´s Wellbeing)
			26.3.1 A Biological Explanation
			26.3.2 A Psychological Explanation
			26.3.3 A Cultural Explanation
			26.3.4 A Psychographic Explanation
			26.3.5 A Healthcare Explanation
			26.3.6 A Socio-economic Explanation
			26.3.7 A Social Role Explanation
		26.4 What Are the Important Factors That Influence Women´s Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life?
			26.4.1 Family and Cultural Factors
			26.4.2 Economic and Work-related Factors
			26.4.3 Residential Factors
			26.4.4 Sexual and Relationship Factors
			26.4.5 Health-related Factors
			26.4.6 Factors Related to the Feminist Movement
		26.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 27: The Wellbeing of Geographic Population Segments
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Conceptual Distinctions
			27.2.1 Hedonic Versus Eudaimonic Experience
			27.2.2 Self-Enhancement Versus Self-Transcendence
			27.2.3 Autonomy (Mastery) Versus Interpersonal Harmony
			27.2.4 The Importance of Context
		27.3 Methodological Problems
			27.3.1 Identity: Individualistic versus Collectivistic Cultures
				27.3.1.1 Positivity Bias
				27.3.1.2 Reference Group Effect
				27.3.1.3 Lack of Consistency of Self-concept over Time
				27.3.1.4 Extreme Response Tendency
			27.3.2 Authority: High vs. Low Power Distance Cultures
				27.3.2.1 Locus of Control
				27.3.2.2 Upward Social Comparison
			27.3.3 Competition: Feminine vs. Masculine Cultures
			27.3.4 Risk: High- vs. Low-Uncertainty Avoidance Cultures
			27.3.5 Time Span: Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation
			27.3.6 Status: Achievement vs. Ascription Cultures
		27.4 Comparative Analysis
			27.4.1 Comparative Analysis among Countries
			27.4.2 Explaining Geographic Variations
		27.5 Wellbeing of Specific World Regions
			27.5.1 Sub-Saharan Africa
			27.5.2 Latin America
			27.5.3 North America
			27.5.4 East Asia
			27.5.5 South Asia
			27.5.6 Southeast Asia
			27.5.7 Europe
			27.5.8 Oceania
			27.5.9 Successor States of the Former Soviet Union
			27.5.10 Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
		27.6 Country-Specific Wellbeing
			27.6.1 South Africa
			27.6.2 China
			27.6.3 Japan
			27.6.4 South Korea
			27.6.5 Hong Kong
			27.6.6 Singapore
			27.6.7 Taiwan
		27.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 28: The Wellbeing of Specialty Population Segments
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 The Wellbeing of the Mentally Ill
			28.2.1 Positive Emotions
			28.2.2 Meaning and Purpose in Life
			28.2.3 Life Satisfaction
		28.3 The Wellbeing of the Disabled
		28.4 The Wellbeing of Drug Addicts
		28.5 The Wellbeing of Sexual Minorities
		28.6 The Wellbeing of Sex Workers
		28.7 The Wellbeing of Emergency Personnel and Healthcare Service Providers
		28.8 The Wellbeing of Immigrants and Refugees
		28.9 The Wellbeing of Teachers
		28.10 The Wellbeing of Caregivers
		28.11 The Wellbeing of Tourists
		28.12 The Wellbeing of Residents of Tourism Communities
		28.13 Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Epilogue
	Chapter 29: Integrative Models of Wellbeing
		29.1 Introduction
		29.2 Livability Theory
		29.3 Capability Theory
		29.4 Stocks and Flows
		29.5 The Joyless Economy
		29.6 Quality of the Person + Environment
		29.7 Homeostatically-Protected Mood
		29.8 Quality of Life = Happiness, Life Satisfaction, And Absence of Ill-Being
		29.9 The Bi-Directional Spillover Model
		29.10 The Psychology of Personal Projects and the Social Ecology of Flourishing
		29.11 The Psychology of Quality of Life
		29.12 Positive Balance: A Hierarchical Perspective
		29.13 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 30: Philosophy and Public Policy Issues Related to Wellbeing
		30.1 Introduction
		30.2 Public Policy Issues
			30.2.1 Scholars and Lay People Believe Subjective Wellbeing Is Very Important
			30.2.2 Current Indicators Are Incomplete and Insufficient
			30.2.3 Subjective Wellbeing Is Beneficial
			30.2.4 Indicators of Subjective Wellbeing Are Easy and Inexpensive to Implement
			30.2.5 Progress on National Accounts of Wellbeing and Positive Mental Health
		30.3 The Need to Broaden Our View
			30.3.1 Happiness Maximization Is Not Enough
			30.3.2 The Shortfall of Happiness Research at the Country Level
			30.3.3 The Need to Conjoin Subjective Aspects of Quality of Life with Objective Conditions
			30.3.4 Conjoining Personal Happiness with Objective/Macro-level Indicators of Societal Wellbeing
			30.3.5 Wellbeing and Pluralism in Science and Philosophy
			30.3.6 Integrating Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives
		30.4 Final Thoughts
		30.5 Conclusion
		References
Appendix: Wellbeing Measurement Issues
	Examples of Life Satisfaction Measures Employed in Large-Scale National Surveys
		The Eurobaromter
		American Changing Lives
		The British Household Panel Survey
		The Canadian General Social Survey
		The European Social Values Survey
		The German Socio-Economic Panel Survey
		The Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey
		The Hungarian Household Panel Survey
		The International Social Survey Programme
		The Latino Barometer
		The Midlife in the US Survey
		The National Child Development Survey
		The National Survey of Families and Households in the US
		The Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey in the US
		The Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey
		The Swedish Level of Living Survey
		The Swiss Household Panel Survey
		The US General Social Survey
		The World Values Survey
		The Chinese General Social Survey
	Measurement Caveats
		Memory Biases
		Biases Related to Situational Influences
		Biases Related to Interview or Questionnaire Format
		Biases Related to Standard of Comparison
		Biases Related to Scaling Effects
		Biases Related to Mood
		Temporal Stability Problems
		Biases Related to Social Desirability
		Biases Related to Focal Construct and Stage of Processing
	In Defense of Self-Reports and Global Measures of Life Satisfaction
	References
Author Index
Subject Index