The Protection of Fundamental Rights in OLAF Composite Enforcement Procedures

Acknowledgements
	Reference
Contents
List of Abbreviations
Part I: Conceptual Framework
	Chapter 1: The Role of Fundamental Rights in OLAF Composite Enforcement Procedures
		1.1 Introduction
			1.1.1 Problem Statement
			1.1.2 The Case of John Dalli
		1.2 Enforcement and Its Corollaries in the National and International Context
		1.3 Enforcement in the EU Context: From Indirect to Direct Enforcement
			1.3.1 The EU as a `Regulatory State´: The Regulation and Enforcement of the EU´s Common Legal Areas
			1.3.2 Indirect Enforcement of EU Law
			1.3.3 Direct Enforcement of EU Law by OLAF
		1.4 The Looking Glass: Composite Enforcement Procedures
		1.5 Fundamental Rights in Composite Enforcement Procedures: Time for a New Mantra?
			1.5.1 Introduction: Fundamental Rights in the EU
			1.5.2 A State-Centric Understanding of Fundamental Rights
			1.5.3 A Composite Understanding of Fundamental Rights
				1.5.3.1 The Function of Fundamental Rights
				1.5.3.2 Legal Certainty in Composite Enforcement Procedures
					1.5.3.2.1 The Right to Privacy
					1.5.3.2.2 Nullum Crimen Nulla Poene Sine Lege
					1.5.3.2.3 The Right to a Fair Trial
				1.5.3.3 Procedural Fairness in Composite Enforcement Procedures
					1.5.3.3.1 Procedural Fairness I: From Non-punitive to Punitive Proceedings
					1.5.3.3.2 Procedural Fairness II: The Admissibility of Unlawful Evidence
		1.6 Research Questions, Research Goals and Methodology
			1.6.1 Main Research Question
			1.6.2 Research Goals, Associated Sub-research Questions and Methodology
				1.6.2.1 The Analytical Research Goal and Associated Sub-research Questions
					1.6.2.1.1 The Right to Privacy
					1.6.2.1.2 The Principle of Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege
					1.6.2.1.3 The Right to a Fair Trial
				1.6.2.2 The Evaluative Research Goal and Associated Sub-research Question
				1.6.2.3 The Normative Goal and Associated Sub-research Question
				1.6.2.4 Methodology
		1.7 Delineation of the Subject Matter
		1.8 Relevance
		1.9 Signpost
		References
Part II: Top-Down: The EU Legal Framework
	Chapter 2: OLAF
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 OLAF´s Institutional Design
		2.3 OLAF´s Obtainment of Evidence
			2.3.1 OLAF´s Gathering of Evidence
				2.3.1.1 Interviews
				2.3.1.2 On-the-Spot Checks
					2.3.1.2.1 The Law Applicable to On-the-Spot Checks
					2.3.1.2.2 The Decision to Conduct an On-the-Spot Check
					2.3.1.2.3 OLAF´s Powers
						2.3.1.2.3.1 Entry of Premises
						2.3.1.2.3.2 Taking Statements
						2.3.1.2.3.3 Access to Information
					2.3.1.2.4 The Applicable Defence Rights and Procedural Safeguards
					2.3.1.2.5 Intermediate Conclusion
			2.3.2 Member States´ Gathering of Evidence
				2.3.2.1 OLAF´s Horizontal Legal Framework
				2.3.2.2 OLAF´s Sectoral Legal Framework
					2.3.2.2.1 The Gathering and the Transfer of Evidence by Member State Authorities in Customs Cases
					2.3.2.2.2 The Gathering and the Transfer of Evidence by Member State Authorities in Structural Funds Cases
		2.4 Punitive Follow-Up to OLAF´s Investigation and Coordination Cases
		2.5 The Admissibility of Evidence Obtained by OLAF in National Punitive Proceedings
			2.5.1 Legal Certainty: OLAF´s Legal Framework and Diverging Standards
			2.5.2 Procedural Fairness I: OLAF´s Legal Framework at the Interface of Non-punitive and Punitive Proceedings
			2.5.3 Procedural Fairness II: OLAF´s Legal Framework and the Admissibility of Unlawful Evidence in National Punitive Proceedin...
		2.6 Judicial Control
			2.6.1 Direct Judicial Control
			2.6.2 Indirect Judicial Review
		2.7 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Bottom-Up: The National Legal Frameworks
	Chapter 3: The Netherlands
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 OLAF´s Institutional Partner in the Netherlands
		3.3 OLAF´s Gathering of Evidence in the Netherlands
			3.3.1 Introduction
			3.3.2 The Dutch Bottom-Up Legal Framework
			3.3.3 The Provision of Assistance When OLAF Encounters Resistance
			3.3.4 OLAF´s Access to Information
		3.4 Member State Authorities´ Gathering of Evidence in the Netherlands
			3.4.1 OLAF´s Horizontal Legal Framework
			3.4.2 OLAF´s Sectoral Legal Framework
				3.4.2.1 The Gathering and Transfer of Evidence by Member State Authorities in Customs Cases
					3.4.2.1.1 The Gathering of Evidence
					3.4.2.1.2 The Transfer of Evidence
				3.4.2.2 The Gathering and Transfer of Evidence by Member State Authorities in Structural Funds Cases
		3.5 Punitive Follow-Up in OLAF Investigation and Coordination Cases
			3.5.1 Punitive Follow-Up in Customs Cases
				3.5.1.1 Punitive Follow-Up in Customs Cases: Punitive Administrative Customs Offences
				3.5.1.2 Punitive Follow-Up in Customs Cases: Criminal Customs Offences
			3.5.2 Punitive Follow-Up in Structural Funds Cases
		3.6 The Admissibility of Evidence Obtained by OLAF in National Punitive Proceedings
			3.6.1 Procedural Fairness I: From Non-punitive to Punitive Proceedings
			3.6.2 Procedural Fairness II: The Admissibility of Unlawful Evidence in National Punitive Proceedings
			3.6.3 Legal Certainty: Vertical and Transnational Diverging Standards
		3.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Germany
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 OLAF´s Institutional Partner in Germany
		4.3 OLAF´s Gathering of Evidence in Germany
			4.3.1 Introduction
			4.3.2 The German Bottom-Up Legal Framework
			4.3.3 The Provision of Assistance When OLAF Encounters Resistance
				4.3.3.1 The Provision of Assistance in Customs Cases
				4.3.3.2 The Provision of Assistance in Structural Funds Cases
			4.3.4 OLAF´s Access to Information
				4.3.4.1 OLAF´s Access to Information in Customs Cases
				4.3.4.2 OLAF´s Access to Information in Structural Funds Cases
		4.4 Member State Authorities´ Gathering of Evidence
			4.4.1 OLAF´s Horizontal Legal Framework
			4.4.2 OLAF´s Sectoral Legal Framework
				4.4.2.1 The Gathering and Transfer of Evidence by Member State Authorities in Customs Cases
					4.4.2.1.1 The Gathering of Evidence
					4.4.2.1.2 The Transfer of Evidence
				4.4.2.2 The Gathering and Transfer of Evidence by Member State Authorities in Structural Funds Cases
		4.5 Punitive Follow-Up to OLAF Investigation and Coordination Cases
			4.5.1 Punitive Follow-Up in Customs Cases
				4.5.1.1 Punitive Follow-Up in Customs Cases: Zollstraftaten
				4.5.1.2 Punitive Follow-Up in Customs Cases: Zollordnungswidrigkeiten
			4.5.2 Punitive Follow-Up in Structural Funds Cases
		4.6 The Admissibility of Evidence Obtained by OLAF in National Punitive Proceedings
			4.6.1 Procedural Fairness I: From Non-punitive to Punitive Proceedings
			4.6.2 Procedural Fairness II: The Admissibility of Unlawful Evidence in National Punitive Proceedings
			4.6.3 Legal Certainty: Vertical and Transnational Diverging Standards
		4.7 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: The Cathedral and the Bazaars: An Integration of Frameworks
	Chapter 5: Fundamental Rights Problems in OLAF Composite Enforcement Procedures
		5.1 Introduction: Back Through `Dalli´-Gate
		5.2 The Right to Privacy: Problems in OLAF Composite Enforcement Procedures
			5.2.1 The Right to Privacy in a Vertical Setting
				5.2.1.1 Issues of Legal Certainty and the Applicable Law in a Vertical Setting
				5.2.1.2 Issues of Legal Protection in a Vertical Setting: Lack of Judicial Protection
			5.2.2 The Right to Privacy in a Transnational Setting
				5.2.2.1 Issues of Legal Certainty in a Transnational Setting
				5.2.2.2 Issues of Legal Protection in a Transnational Setting
		5.3 Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege: Problems in OLAF Composite Enforcement Procedures
			5.3.1 Introduction
			5.3.2 The First Assumption: Member States´ Jurisdictions Overlap
			5.3.3 The Second Assumption: Member States´ Norms and Sanctions Diverge
			5.3.4 The Third Assumption: OLAF Determines Whether, and in Which Member State, Punitive Follow-Up Will Take Place
			5.3.5 Conclusion: Is OLAF´s Determination of the Follow-Up Jurisdiction Problematic in Light of the Principle of Nullum Crimen...
		5.4 The Right to a Fair Trial: Problems in OLAF Composite Enforcement Procedures
			5.4.1 Legal Certainty: Diverging Standards Between Legal Orders
				5.4.1.1 Vertical Diverging Standards Between the EU and National Legal Orders
				5.4.1.2 Transnational Diverging Standards Between the National Legal Orders
			5.4.2 Procedural Fairness
				5.4.2.1 Procedural Fairness I: From Non-punitive to Punitive Proceedings
					5.4.2.1.1 Introduction
					5.4.2.1.2 Is There a `Sufficiently Concrete Risk of Incrimination´ in OLAF Investigation or Coordination Cases?
					5.4.2.1.3 Is Improper Compulsion Exercised in OLAF Investigation or Coordination Cases?
					5.4.2.1.4 Is the Privilege Against Self-incrimination of the Person Concerned at Risk of Being Violated at the Confluence of P...
				5.4.2.2 Procedural Fairness II: The Admissibility of Unlawful Evidence
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: The Protection of Fundamental Rights in OLAF Composite Enforcement Procedures: Conclusions, Recommendations and an ...
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 The Protection of the Right to Privacy in Composite Enforcement Procedures
			6.2.1 The Right to Privacy in a Vertical Setting
				6.2.1.1 Conclusions and Recommendations with Respect to Legal Certainty
					6.2.1.1.1 Conclusions
					6.2.1.1.2 Recommendations
					6.2.1.1.3 The EPPO Outlook
				6.2.1.2 Conclusions and Recommendations with Respect to Legal Protection
					6.2.1.2.1 Conclusions
					6.2.1.2.2 Recommendations
					6.2.1.2.3 The EPPO Outlook
			6.2.2 The Right to Privacy in a Transnational Setting
				6.2.2.1 Conclusions with Respect to Legal Certainty
				6.2.2.2 The EPPO Outlook
				6.2.2.3 Conclusions with Respect to Legal Protection
				6.2.2.4 The EPPO Outlook
		6.3 The Protection of the Nullum Crimen Principle in Composite Enforcement Procedures
			6.3.1 Conclusions with Respect to Legal Certainty
				6.3.1.1 Conclusions
				6.3.1.2 The EPPO Outlook
			6.3.2 Conclusions with Respect to Legal Protection
				6.3.2.1 Conclusions
				6.3.2.2 The EPPO Outlook
		6.4 The Protection of the Right to a Fair Trial in Composite Enforcement Procedures
			6.4.1 Legal Certainty: Diverging Standards Between Legal Orders
				6.4.1.1 Conclusions
				6.4.1.2 Recommendations
				6.4.1.3 The EPPO Outlook
			6.4.2 Procedural Fairness I: From Non-punitive to Punitive Proceedings
				6.4.2.1 Conclusions
				6.4.2.2 Recommendations
				6.4.2.3 The EPPO Outlook
			6.4.3 Procedural Fairness II: The Admissibility of Unlawful Evidence
				6.4.3.1 Conclusions
				6.4.3.2 Recommendations
				6.4.3.3 The EPPO Outlook
		6.5 Conclusion
		References