The Proceedings of the 2021 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2021), Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 912)

About APISAT 2021
Organization
Contents
Editor Bios
Aerodynamics and Design
	Asia–Pacific Region’s Aircraft Design and Development Strategy for Single-Aisle Aircraft in the Oligopoly Market of Boeing and Airbus
		1 Introduction
		2 Commercial Aircraft International Joint Development (IJD)
			2.1 Demand and Supply Imbalance by Region
			2.2 Aircraft Production of AP Countries
		3 RSP Stage 2: Japan Success
			3.1 Target Achievement Time of AP RSP Stage 2
			3.2 Japan Success Factors
			3.3 Government, Airlines, and Manufacturers
		4 RSP Stage 3: Europe Success Case
			4.1 Airbus Success Factors
			4.2 Aerospace Production Value
			4.3 The International Joint Development Effect of SAA
			4.4 RSP Revenue Forecast in AP
			4.5 Long-Term Outlook on AADC
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Study on Wind Resistance Characteristics of Multi-rotor UAV
		1 Fire Fighting UAV Flight Platform
		2 Analysis of Anti-wind Characteristics
			2.1 Forward and Incoming Flow Analysis
			2.2 Analysis of Lateral Incoming Flow
		3 Wind Resistance Evaluation Results
			3.1 Forward and Incoming Flow
			3.2 Lateral Incoming Flow
		4 Analysis Process of Wind Resistance Characteristics
		5 Summary
		References
	Inverse Design Method of Transonic Airfoil Based on Deep Neural Network
		1 Introduction
		2 Modeling Method
			2.1 Numerical Calculation Method
			2.2 Airfoil Parameterization Method
			2.3 Neural Network Model
		3 Numerical Examples and Analysis
			3.1 Training Set Establishment
			3.2 Model Training
			3.3 Analysis of Training Results
			3.4 Neural Network Hyperparametric Analysis
		4 Conclusion
		References
	High-Rise Building Wind Field Simulation
		1 Introduction
		2 Computational Fluid Dynamics Theory
			2.1 Wind Field Theory
			2.2 Fluid Mechanics Control Equation
		3 CFD Simulation of High-Rise Building Wind Field
			3.1 Computational Domain Setting and Meshing
			3.2 Result Analysis and Processing
			3.3 Study on the Interference Effect of Two Buildings
			3.4 Enclosed Layout
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Study on Aerodynamic Characteristics of “Propeller/Wing” System with Overset Mesh Method
		1 Introduction
		2 Computational Strategy
			2.1 3D Models
			2.2 Actuator-Disk Models
		3 Results
			3.1 Single Propeller
			3.2 Propeller/Wing
		4 Conclusions
		References
	An Ontology Based Single Source of Truth (SSOT) Construction Approach for Aircraft Modeling and Simulation
		1 Introduction
		2 An Ontology Based SSOT Construction Approach
			2.1 A Reference Ontology for Aircraft
			2.2 Construct SSOT Based on Ontology
		3 Model Transformation with Ontology Based SSOT
			3.1 Behavior Model Transformation Example
			3.2 Structural Model Transformation Example
		4 Conclusion
		5 Discussion
		References
	Experimental Investigations on Aerodynamic and Psychoacoustic Characteristics of Loop-Type Propeller
		1 Introduction
		2 Experiment Setup
			2.1 Thrust and Torque Measurement
			2.2 Sound Signal Measurement
			2.3 Model Setup
		3 Result
			3.1 Aerodynamic Performance
			3.2 Acoustic Performance
			3.3 Objective Psychoacoustic Metrics
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusion and Future Work
		References
	Effect of Dynamic Micro Vortex Generator on Corner Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interactions Based on DES
		1 Introduction
		2 Numerical Simulations
			2.1 Numerical Method
			2.2 Computational Domain Model
			2.3 Mesh and Boundary Conditions
		3 Verification of Numerical Methods
			3.1 Mesh Independence
			3.2 Numerical Simulation Accuracy
		4 Results and Analysis
			4.1 The Impact of Dynamic MVG on SWBLI Area Pressure
			4.2 The Impact of Dynamic MVG on the Boundary Layer of the SWBLI Region
			4.3 Control Mechanism of Dynamic MVG on SWBLI
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Aerodynamic Characteristics of A Compound Deflected LEF/TEF Rotor
		1 Introduction
		2 Numerical Method
			2.1 Grid Generation Method
			2.2 Aerodynamic Analysis Method
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Aerodynamic Characteristics of an Airfoil with the LEF/TEF
			3.2 Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Rotor with a LEF/TEF When Hovering
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics and Influence of Parameters of the Quad Tiltrotor Aircraft
		1 Introduction
		2 Numerical Method
			2.1 Geometric Model and Grid Generation
			2.2 Calculation Method
			2.3 Verification of the Method
		3 Results and Analysis
			3.1 Interferences on the Rear Rotor
			3.2 Influence of the Rotor Rotation Direction
			3.3 Influence of the Wing Installation Angle
			3.4 Influence of the Rotor Transverse Distance
			3.5 Influence of the Rotor Longitudinal Distance
		4 Conclusions
		References
	A Two-Step Optimization Method Using POD-Based Geometric Parameterization for Aerodynamic Shape Optimization
		1 Introduction
		2 POD-Based Geometric Parameterization and Its Characteristics
			2.1 Principle of POD
			2.2 POD-Based Geometric Parameterization
			2.3 Merits and Drawbacks
		3 Two-Step Optimization Method for ASO
		4 Validation Case of Rotor 37
			4.1 The 1st-Step Optimization
			4.2 SD Selection and POD-Based Geometric Parameterization
			4.3 The 2nd-Step Optimization
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Anti-icing Performance of Engine Inlet Cone by Hot Air Film
		1 Introduction
		2 Numerical Investigations
			2.1 Model and Methods
			2.2 Boundary Conditions
			2.3 Results and Discussions
		3 Experimental Investigations
			3.1 Experiment Systems
			3.2 Experimental Results and Discussions
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Aerodynamic Characteristics of Close UAV Formation
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Previous Work
			1.2 Our Work
		2 Basic Method and Validation
			2.1 Vortex Model
			2.2 Nonlinear Lifting Line Theory
			2.3 Trailing Vortex Model
		3 Nonlinear Aerodynamic Characteristics of Wake Surfing
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Conceptual Design and System Level Analysis of Tilt-Duct eVTOL Aircraft
		1 Introduction
		2 Design Requirements and Assumptions
			2.1 Design Requirements
			2.2 Design Assumptions
		3 Methods
		4 Results
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Research on Wind Tunnel Test of the Total Pressure Probe Layout for Civil Aircraft
		1 Introduction
		2 Test Model
		3 Miniature Probe
			3.1 Seven-Hole Probe
			3.2 Miniature Total Pressure Probe
		4 Analysis of Test Results
			4.1 Results of the Seven-Hole Probe
			4.2 Results of Miniature Total Pressure Probe
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Study on the Dynamic Aerodynamic Performance of Airfoil with Direct Force Measurement
		1 Introduction
		2 Descriptions of Experiments
			2.1 Experimental Equipment and Instruments
			2.2 Experimental Model
		3 Elimination Method of Inertial Force and Pitching Moment
			3.1 Elimination of Inertial Pitching Moment
			3.2 Elimination of Inertial Force
		4 Data Processing and Analyses
			4.1 Data Filtering and Averaging Processing
			4.2 Calculation of the First and Second Derivatives of the Angle of Attack with Respect to Time
		5 Result Analyses
			5.1 The Impact of Reduced Frequency
			5.2 Influence of Amplitude
			5.3 Influence of Reynolds Number
			5.4 Effect of Average Angle of Attack
		6 Conclusions
		References
	The Research of Correlationship and Critical Ice Shape Acquisition in CIRA-IWT Icing Wind Tunnel
		1 Correlation Research Program
		2 Standard Model Test
			2.1 Test Model
			2.2 Icing Parameters Sensitivity
			2.3 Ice Shape Correlationship
		3 Critical Ice Shape Research
			3.1 Critical Icing Conditions
			3.2 Critical Ice Shape Test
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Parametric Studies of the Fuselage Geometry of a Double-Bubble Aircraft Configuration
		1 Introduction
		2 Design Process
		3 Numerical Analysis
			3.1 Baseline Aircraft Geometry
			3.2 Grid Generation
			3.3 CFD Analysis
		4 Results
			4.1 Parametric Study on Fuselage Configuration
			4.2 Design of Wing-Body Configuration
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Wind Tunnel Free Flight Model Attitude Determination Based on Non-contact IR Optical Measurement
		1 Introduction
		2 OptiTrack System
			2.1 System Composition
			2.2 Specification
			2.3 Camera Layout
		3 Attitude Determination
		4 Test Scheme
		5 Test Results
			5.1 Ground Tests
			5.2 Dynamic Tests
		6 Future Work
		7 Conclusions
		References
	Design and Performance Analysis of a Fuel Cell Powered Heavy-Lift Multirotor Drone
		1 Introduction
			1.1 kW Fuel Cell System
		2 Multicopter Design
			2.1 Sizing and Weight Estimation
			2.2 Propulsion System
			2.3 System Controller
			2.4 Structure Optimization
			2.5 Airflow Design
		3 Flight Test and Analysis
			3.1 Flight Test Conditions
			3.2 Flight Test Results
		4 Flight Time Estimation
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Multi-objective System Optimization of Suborbital Spaceplane by Multi-fidelity Aerodynamic Analysis
		1 Introduction
		2 Aerodynamic Calculation Methods
			2.1 Low-Accuracy Aerodynamic Calculation Method
			2.2 High-Accuracy Aerodynamic Calculation Method
		3 Surrogate Model
			3.1 Multi-fidelity
			3.2 Surrogate Model for Aerodynamic Analysis
		4 MDO of Suborbital Spaceplane with the Surrogate Model
			4.1 Design Optimization Methodology
			4.2 Design Analysis Models
		5 Result and Discussions
			5.1 Outline
			5.2 Airframe and Trajectory
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Experimental Validation of Nonlinear Coupled Constitutive Relations in Continuum Flows
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental Details
			2.1 Facility
			2.2 Model Configuration
		3 Numerical Method
			3.1 Navier–Stokes-Fourier Equations
			3.2 Nonlinear Coupled Constitutive Relations
		4 Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusions
		References
	A Propeller Evaluation and Selection Tool for Multicopter and VTOL Design
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Wind Tunnel Procedure
			2.2 Blade Element Theory Model
		3 Results
			3.1 Wind Tunnel Data
			3.2 Mathematical Formulation
		4 Discussion
			4.1 Comparison of Models
			4.2 Limitations
			4.3 Example Use Case
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Design and Development Status of Experimental Winged Rocket WIRES#015
		1 Introduction
		2 Details of Experimental Winged Rocket WIRES#015
			2.1 Major Dimensions and Specifications
			2.2 Nominal Flight Profile
			2.3 Autonomous Flight System
			2.4 Structure and Onboard Equipment
			2.5 Avionics
			2.6 Propulsion System
			2.7 Recovery System
			2.8 Ground Support System
		3 Development and Flight Demonstration Plan of WIRES#015
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Multiobjective Optimization of a Highly Maneuverable Supersonic Airfoil Using Multifidelity EGO
		1 Introduction
		2 Optimization Framework
			2.1 Optimization Algorithm
			2.2 Surrogate Model
			2.3 Objective Function
			2.4 Flight Conditions in Optimization
		3 Airfoil Expression
		4 Aerodynamic Characteristic Estimation Technique
			4.1 CFD for the High-Fidelity Estimation
			4.2 Panel Method for the Low-Fidelity Estimation
		5 Optimization Result
			5.1 Pareto Front
			5.2 Surrogate Model Accuracy
			5.3 Clustering
			5.4 Geometric Features of Each Cluster
		6 Conclusion
		References
	A Computational Study on Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces Around a Pitching Airfoil with Shock and Shock-Induced Separation
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Computational Setup
		3 Result and Discussion
			3.1 Validation
			3.2 Unsteady Aerodynamics on Various Mean Angles of Attack
		4 Conclusion
		References
	A Multi-fidelity Method-Based Aerodynamic Design Strategy for Preliminary Prop-Rotors
		1 Introduction
		2 Design Strategy and Methods
			2.1 Identification of Ideal Chord and Twist Distribution
			2.2 Multi-fidelity Aerodynamic Simulation Methods
			2.3 Optimization Methods
			2.4 Validation of the Methods
		3 Design of a Preliminary Prop-Rotor Blade
		4 Results
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Aerodynamics Characteristics and Flight Dynamics Analysis of Multi-body Aircraft
		1 Introduction
		2 Theory
			2.1 Flight Dynamics
			2.2 Aerodynamics Model
		3 Numerical Studies
			3.1 Aircrafts Model
			3.2 Aerodynamics Analysis Results
			3.3 Trim Analysis and Stability Analysis Results
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Hydrophilic Coatings for Natural Laminar Flow
		1 Introduction
		2 Insect- and Contaminant-Adherence Mitigation
			2.1 Self-cleaning Properties of Hydrophilic Coatings
			2.2 Photocatalytic Coating with Meshed-Polymer Brush
		3 Evaluation of Coating Washability
			3.1 Ground Test
			3.2 Coupon Tests
		4 Results
			4.1 Ground Tests
			4.2 Coupon Tests
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Modeling of Crossflow-Induced Boundary Layer Transition
		1 Introduction
		2 Characterization of Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer
		3 Linear Growth Rate of Primary Instability
		4 Nonlinear Saturation of Primary Instability
		5 Linear Growth Rate of Secondary Instability
		6 Validation of the Model
		7 Concluding Remarks
		Appendix: Numerically Studied Boundary Layer Flow
		References
	On the Characteristics of Anti-contamination Devices on Attachment-Line of Subsonic Transport Aircraft
		1 Introduction
		2 Geometry Model and Flow Condition
			2.1 Baseline
			2.2 ACD Type
		3 Computational Method
			3.1 Solver
			3.2 Computational Mesh and Boundary Conditions
		4 Results and Discussions
			4.1 Overall Flow Field Without ACD
			4.2 Flow Field Around ACD
			4.3 Effect of the Angle of Attack
			4.4 Aerodynamic Force
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Preliminary Investigation on Flyover Noise of Propeller-Powered Aircraft Using a Phased Microphone Array
		1 Introduction
		2 Flight Test Setup
			2.1 Microphone Array Design
			2.2 Flight Test
		3 Data Post-process
			3.1 Doppler Effect Correction
			3.2 Noise Source Location Results at Different Altitude
			3.3 Noise Source Location Results at Different Speeds
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Natural Laminar Flow Design for Highly Swept Wings
		1 Introduction
		2 Natural Laminar Flow Design
			2.1 Design Objects
			2.2 Design Concept
			2.3 Inverse Design System
			2.4 New Innovation
		3 Results
			3.1 Transition Prediction
			3.2 Wind Tunnel Verification
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Research on Aerodynamic Characteristics of General Long Endurance Vertical Take-Off and Landing Fixed Wing UAV
		1 Introduction
		2 Calculation Model, Calculation Method and Setting of Boundary Conditions
			2.1 Calculation Model
			2.2 Calculation Method
			2.3 Boundary Conditions and Mesh Settings
		3 Feasibility Verification and Mesh Independence Verification
			3.1 Feasibility Verification
			3.2 Mesh Independence Verification
		4 Analysis of UAV Aerodynamic Characteristics
			4.1 Analysis of UAV Lift and Drag Characteristics
			4.2 UAV Surface Pressure Data Analysis
			4.3 Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of UAV Under Crosswind
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Flux Limiting Schemes for Fine Resolution Detonation Wave Cell Structure
		1 Introduction
		2 Governing Equations & Numerical Methodology
			2.1 Governing Equations
			2.2 Numerical Methodology
			2.3 Initial ZND Condition
			2.4 Geometry & Grid System
		3 Results & Discussion
			3.1 Grid Refinement Test
			3.2 Dependency on High Resolution Scheme
			3.3 Dependency on Flux Splitting Scheme
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Experimental Investigation of Performance for Korean Electric Unmanned Helicopter on Ground
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental Setup
		3 Results
			3.1 Main Rotor
			3.2 Tail Rotor
			3.3 Battery System
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Aerothermodynamic Shape Optimization of a Hypersonic Lifting Body
		1 Introduction
		2 Problem Formulation
			2.1 Flowfield Analysis
			2.2 Description of ASO Problem
			2.3 Optimization Framework
		3 FFD Modeling of the Lifting Body
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Optimization of Qa Minimization
			4.2 Optimization of Za Maximization
			4.3 Multi-Objective Optimization
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Experimental Studies on Behavior of Laminar Separation Bubble Formed on the Hofsass Espada Airfoil Near Stall
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental Details
			2.1 Wind Tunnel
			2.2 Airfoil Model
			2.3 Pressure Measurement System
			2.4 Flow Visualization
		3 Results of the Experiments
			3.1 Pressure Measurement
			3.2 Flow Visualization
			3.3 Comparison with NACA0012
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Influence of Turbulence Intensity on Flow Field Around NACA0012 Wing at Reynolds Number of 20,000
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental Setup
		3 Results and Discussion
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Analysis of Rotor Noise During Ramp Collective Pitch Increase by CFD Method
		1 Introduction
		2 Calculation Method
			2.1 Grid Generation Method and CFD Solver
			2.2 Aeroacoustic Analysis Method for Aperiodic Rotor Noise
		3 Calculated Results and Analyses
			3.1 Validation of Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic Characteristics on BO-105 Rotor
			3.2 Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic Characteristics on the Ramp Increased Collective Pitch Case
			3.3 Aeroacoustic Characteristics Analysis of Rotor with an Oscillation Pitch Movement
			3.4 Influence of Collective Pitch Change Rate on Aeroacoustic Characteristics of the Rotor
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Analyses on Aerodynamic Interactions of Quad-Tiltrotor Aircraft with Variable RPM and Diameter
		1 Introduction
		2 Model and Calculation Method
		3 Aerodynamic Interaction Between Rotors in High-Speed Cruise
			3.1 Aerodynamic Interaction Between Rotors
			3.2 The Effect of Rotor Diameter on Aerodynamic Interaction Between Rotors
			3.3 The Effect of RPM on Aerodynamic Interaction Between Rotors
			3.4 The Effect of Advance Ratio on Aerodynamic Interaction Between Rotors
		4 Aerodynamic Interactions Under Tilting Condition
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Separation Characteristics of a Two-Stage-To-Orbit Winged Rocket by Aerodynamic Interaction Analysis
		1 Introduction
		2 CFD Analysis Conditions
			2.1 Numerical Analysis Method
			2.2 Analysis Model
			2.3 Analysis Conditions
		3 Analysis Results and Consideration
			3.1 Change of Δz
			3.2 Change of Δx
			3.3 Evaluation of Pitching-Moment Interference with Deflection Angle of Control Devices
		4 Conclusions and Future Works
		References
	Aerodynamic Performance of a Low-Speed Blended-Wing-Body Aircraft with Distributed Ducted Fans
		1 Introduction
		2 Flow Simulation Setup
			2.1 Geometry Configuration Description
			2.2 Flow Simulation Method
			2.3 Aerodynamic Performance Metrics
		3 Results and Discussions
			3.1 Dissipation Characteristic at the Glide Design Point
			3.2 BLI Benefits at Cruise Design Points
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Numerical Study of the Aerodynamic Performance of Two Coaxial Flapping Rotary Wings Under Wake Interaction
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Wing Model and Kinematics
			2.2 Numerical Method
			2.3 Validation
		3 Results and Discussions
			3.1 Aerodynamic Forces and Rotating Moment in Hovering Flight
			3.2 Effect of Wing Kinematics in Hovering Flight
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Twin Support Vector Regression and Its Application on Aerodynamic Design
		1 Introduction
		2 Fundamental Theory of TSVR
			2.1 Linear Regression Using SVR
			2.2 Linear Regression Using TSVR
			2.3 Nonlinear Regression Using TSVR
		3 Numerical Examples
			3.1 Low-Dimension Function (Dimension ≤ 3)
			3.2 High-Dimensional Functions (Dimension > 3)
			3.3 Functions with Numerical Noise
			3.4 RAE2822 Airfoil Aerodynamic Modeling
		4 Conclusions
		References
	H-Force of Rigid Rotor in Forward Flight of Multi-rotor
		1 Introduction
		2 Wind Tunnel Test Result
		3 Derivation of H-Force using Blade Element Theory
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Numerical Investigation of Transonic Flutter Characteristics of a Supercritical Airfoil
		1 Introduction
		2 Numerical Methods
			2.1 Aerodynamics
			2.2 Structural Dynamics
			2.3 Coupling Method
			2.4 Numerical Condition
		3 Comparison of Flutter Characteristics
		4 Flutter Characteristics Specific to Supercritical Airfoils
			4.1 Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces in Second Torsion Mode Oscillation
			4.2 Flow Field Near the Trailing Edge on the Lower Side
			4.3 The Effect of the Airfoil Shape on the Upper Surface
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Control of Wing-Engine-Slat Cut Out Flow Separation Using Nacelle Nozzle Modification
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodologies
			2.1 CFD Method
			2.2 Configurations
			2.3 AFC Methods
			2.4 The Grids Generation
		3 Result and Discussion
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Developments of Free-Flight Testing Facility for Aerodynamic Assessment of Martian Entry Capsule
		1 Introduction
		2 Description of Free-Flight Testing Facility
			2.1 Light Gas Gun
			2.2 Observation System
		3 Methodology of Attitude Determination
		4 Results of Free-Flight Test
		5 Summary
		References
	Multi-fidelity Modeling via Regression-Based Hierarchical Kriging
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodologies
			2.1 Kriging
			2.2 Regression-Based Kriging
			2.3 Hierarchical Kriging
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Numerical Test: Forrester Functions
			3.2 Engineering Application: RAE 2822 Transonic Airfoil
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Evaluation of the Use Cases of eVTOLs with High Potential in the Philippines and Thailand
		1 Introduction
		2 Methods
			2.1 Examination of EMS Use Case
			2.2 Examination of Sightseeing/Leisure and UAM Use Cases
			2.3 Fermi Estimate for the Sightseeing/Leisure and UAM Use Cases
		3 Results
			3.1 EMS Use Case
			3.2 Sightseeing/Leisure and UAM Use Cases
			3.3 Fermi Estimate for the Sightseeing/Leisure and UAM Use Cases
		4 Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Numerical Investigation of Droplet Impact on the Surface by Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Flux Solver
		1 Introduction
		2 Numerical Method
		3 Numerical Validation
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Effect of Impact Velocity
			4.2 Effect of Droplet Diameter
			4.3 Effect of Contact Angle
			4.4 Effect of Impact Angle
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Computation of Hypersonic Transitional Flows Over Cones Using Gas-Kinetic Scheme Coupled with the Turbulence Model
		1 Introduction
		2 Theory
			2.1 Gas-Kinetic Scheme Coupled with Turbulent Kinetic Energy
			2.2 K-ω SST γ-Reθ Turbulence/Transition Model
		3 Results and Discussions
			3.1 Hypersonic Transition on Blunt Cones at Zero AOA
			3.2 Hypersonic Transition on a Sharp Cone at Small AOAs
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Effect of Solidity on Efficiency for High-Advance-Ratio Propeller
		1 Introduction
		2 Design Conditions
		3 Blade Design by Blade Element Momentum Theory
		4 Experimental Verification
			4.1 Blade Redesign for Wind Tunnel Test
			4.2 Performance in Wind Tunnel Test
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Aerodynamic Study of Cone-Derived Waverider as Supersonic Transport
		1 Introduction
		2 Modeling Method
			2.1 Definition of the Waverider Model
			2.2 Definition of Combined Fuselage Configuration
		3 Numerical Methods
			3.1 CFD Methods
			3.2 Sonic Boom Analysis Methods
		4 Results and Discussions
			4.1 Results of Baseline Configuration
			4.2 Effect of Concave Adding on Lower Surface
			4.3 Validity of CFD Models
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Boundary-Layer Transition Control by Plasma Crossflow Reduction in Swept Wing
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental Method and Conditions
			2.1 Overview of Experiment and Flow Control Concept
			2.2 Experimental Apparatus and Method
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Characteristics of the Boundary-Layer Transition
			3.2 Controlling Boundary-Layer Transition
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Numerical Investigations of Ground Effect of a Quadcopter
		1 Introduction
		2 Quadcopter Modelling
		3 Numerical Methods
		4 Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	A Review of Recognition in Military Airworthiness Regulatory Frameworks
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Aims
		2 Introduction
			2.1 Recognition Definition
			2.2 Recognition in Civil Aviation
			2.3 Recognition in Military Aviation
			2.4 Efforts for Development of a Recognition Process
		3 Methodology
		4 Increased Motivation for Recognition
			4.1 Foreign Military Procurements
			4.2 Interoperability
			4.3 Military Alliance Organisations
			4.4 Aircraft Development Collaborations
		5 Recognition Benefits
			5.1 Mutual Learning Process
			5.2 Resource Sharing
			5.3 Access to Global Supply Chain and MRO Facilities
			5.4 Economic Gains
			5.5 Enhanced Trust and Respect
		6 Military Airworthiness Recognition Process
			6.1 EMAD-R Process Overview
			6.2 Process Details
			6.3 Review of MARQ
			6.4 Implementation of EMAD-R and Global Utilisation
		7 Conclusion
		Appendix 1: Spoke Diagrams and Sunburst Charts of MARQ Sub-sections
		References
Structures and Materials
	Material Property Measurement of 3D Printed Carbon Fiber Composite Using a Digital Image Correlation Method
		1 Introduction
		2 Material Preparation
		3 Experiments
			3.1 Tensile Test of 3D Printed Composite [TE-C-(0&90)] and Onyx (TE-O-45)
			3.2 Shear Test of 3D Printed Composite (IP-C-45)
			3.3 Bending Test of 3D Printed Composite (BD-C-0)
		4 Results
			4.1 Mechanical Properties of Onyx
			4.2 Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Composite
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Research on Helicopter with Emergency Floating System Impact Load Characteristics During Ditching Based on ALE Method
		1 Foreword
		2 Control Equation
		3 Verification of Simulation Model and Scale Model
			3.1 Simulation Model
			3.2 Model Verification
		4 Analysis on Full-Size Ditching Working Condition
			4.1 Full-Size Simulation Working Condition
			4.2 Attitude Change During Ditching
			4.3 Law of Helicopter Impact Load in Different Ditching States
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Study on shapes of Double Cylindrical Structure for Wing Twist Morphing
		1 Introduction
		2 Basic Concept of Open Section Design
		3 Trade-Off Studies on Outer Part Shape of Double-Cylinder Structure
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Multi-objective Optimization for Resilient Operation of Adaptive Morphing Flap Divided into Span Directions
		1 Introduction
		2 Resilience Engineering
		3 Morphing Wing
			3.1 Adaptive Wing with Morphing Flap
			3.2 Aerodynamic Analysis, Lift Distribution and Bending Moment
		4 Resilient Operation of Morphing Wing and Formulation as Multi-Objective Optimization Problem
		5 Numerical Examples
		6 Conclusion
		References
	On the Evaluation and Design Methods of Structural Recoverability
		1 Introduction
		2 Basic Concept of Structural Recoverability
		3 The Significance of Structural Recoverability
		4 Assessment Method of Structural Recoverability
			4.1 Measurement and Characterization of Structural Recoverability
			4.2 Evaluation Method of Structural Recoverability
		5 Design Method of Structural Recoverability
		6 Cases Analyses
			6.1 A Brief Example of Structural Recoverability Assessment
			6.2 A Brief Example of Structural Recoverability Design
		7 Conclusions
		References
	Simulation and Analysis of Automatic Passenger Door Actuation System
		1 Introduction
		2 About Passenger Door
		3 Load Analysis of Passenger Door Mechanism
			3.1 The Design of Passenger Mechanism
			3.2 Dynamic Simulation
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Research on the Aerodynamic Failure Load for Civil Aircraft
		1 Introduction
		2 Failure List Selecting Methods
		3 Design Principles
		4 Design Method
			4.1 Jam and the Hardover Position Determination
			4.2 The Load Calculation Method of the Time at the Failure Occurrence
			4.3 The Load Calculation Method of the Continuous Flight in the State of Failure
		5 Analysis and Comparison of the Elevator Jam
			5.1 Simulation Calculation Method
			5.2 Analysis and Comparison
		6 Conclusion
		References
	The Vibration Transfer Path Analysis Based on One Large Passenger Aircraft
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Base of Vibration TPA
		3 Establishment of the Vibration TPA Model
		4 Identification of the vibration TPA Model
			4.1 Verification of the Vibration TPA Model
			4.2 Analysis of the vibration response contribution
			4.3 Transmission Path Sensitivity Analysis
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Manufacturability and Deformation Performances of CFRP Twist Morphing Wing Structure with Applying the Electrodeposition Resin Molding Method
		1 Introduction
		2 Method
			2.1 Design of Skeletal Structure of the Twist Morphing Wing
			2.2 Manufacturing Methods
			2.3 Torsion Test
			2.4 Bending Tests
			2.5 Finite Element Analysis
		3 Results and Discussions
			3.1 Skeletal Structures of the Twist Morphing Wing
			3.2 Torsional Properties
			3.3 Bending Deformation Under the Concentrated Load on Wing Tip
			3.4 Bending Deformation Under Aerodynamic Load
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Doubly Coupled Antagonistic Shape Memory Alloy Actuator for Morphing Wing
		1 Introduction
		2 Doubly Coupled Antagonistic SMA Wires
			2.1 Single Antagonistic SMA Actuator
			2.2 Doubly Coupled Antagonistic SMA Actuator
			2.3 Experimental Methods
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Experimental Results Without External Force
			3.2 Experimental Results with External Force
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Dynamical Analysis of Rotor Loads in Helicopter Circling Flight Condition
		1 Introduction
		2 Model Establishment and Solution Method
			2.1 Aerodynamic Model
			2.2 Modeling of Blade Dynamics
		3 Numerical Analysis
			3.1 Example Verification
			3.2 The Influence of Circling Radius on the Dynamic Load
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Study on Laser Shock Peening Technology for Hole Position of Aviation Parts
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Material Properties
			2.2 Experimental Method
		3 Numerical Model
			3.1 Modeling
			3.2 Laser Shock Model
			3.3 Material Constitutive Model
		4 Result and Discussion
			4.1 Multipoint Impact Peening at Different Power Density
			4.2 Single Point Impact Peening Under Different Power Densities
			4.3 Comparison of Single Point and Multipoint Laser Shock Peening
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Calculation Method and Experimental Verification of Optical Fiber Limit Value of Aeroengine Rotor Blade
		1 Introduction
		2 Influencing Factors in the Calculation of Optical Fiber Limit Value
			2.1 Static Deformation
			2.2 Vibration Order
		3 Calculation Methods of Optical Fiber Limit Value
			3.1 Common Similar Triangle Method (STM)
			3.2 Intersection Distance Method (IDM)
			3.3 Finite Element Drawing Method (FEDM)
			3.4 Comparison of Calculation Methods of Optical Fiber Limit Value
		4 Experimental Verification
			4.1 Test Scheme
			4.2 Test Results and Comparative Analysis
			4.3 Deviation Analysis of Different Calculation Methods Under High a Stress
		5 Summary
		References
	Analysis of Laser Positioning Milling Process for Aircraft Cabin Door Opening
		1 Product Overview
		2 Processing Technology and Procedure
			2.1 Processing Technology
			2.2 Processing Procedure
		3 Problem Analysis and Solution of Milling Opening of Rear Cargo Door Frame
		4 Find Out the Cause of the Problem and Corrective Action
			4.1 Deviation of Collecting Points Around Door Frame Opening and Its Treatment
			4.2 Methods of Cutting by Construction Personnel
		5 Conclusion
		Reference
	Numerical Simulation of TC17 Titanium Alloy Thin Blade Strengthened by Laser Shock Processing
		1 Introduction
		2 Brief Introduction of LSP
		3 Numerical Simulations
			3.1 Finite Element Model
			3.2 Shock Wave Pressure Model
		4 Results and Analysis
			4.1 Determination of Dynamic Solution Time
			4.2 Restraint Mode on Residual Stress Distribution and Deformation
			4.3 Influence of Different Energy Parameters on Impact Effect
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Aerodynamic Study for Wing Shapes Based on a Stuffed Bird
		1 Introduction
		2 Bird Model Descriptions
			2.1 Bird Wing
			2.2 Measurement of Stuffed Bird and Setting of Deformed Wing
			2.3 Design of the Bird Model
			2.4 Modeling of the Bird Model Using a 3D Printer
		3 Wind Tunnel Experiment
			3.1 Overview of the Wind Tunnel Facility
			3.2 Overview of the Wind Tunnel Experiment
			3.3 Wind Tunnel Test Results and Discussion
		4 3D Numerical Analysis
			4.1 Overview of 3D Numerical Analysis
			4.2 Results of 3D Analysis and Discussion
		5 Flow Visualization
			5.1 Flow Visualization Method
			5.2 Flow Visualization Results and Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Investigation of Temperature Generalization for PCM-Based Cooling Plate Used for Remotely Located Electronics
		1 Introduction
		2 Description of the Physical Problem and Mathematical Formulation
			2.1 Physics of the Problem
			2.2 Non-Dimensional Equations
			2.3 Numerical Simulation
		3 Results and Discussions
			3.1 Dimensionless Temperature
			3.2 Characteristics of the Heat Flux of Natural Convection and Thermal Radiation
			3.3 Modification of the Product of the Dimensionless Numbers
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Structural Design and Analysis of Large-Load Fire-Fighting Multi-rotor UAV
		1 Introduction
		2 Structural Design
			2.1 Structural Material Selection
			2.2 UAV Wheelbase Design
			2.3 Center Main Bearing Box Design
			2.4 Arm Design
			2.5 Arm Connection Design
			2.6 Landing Gear Design
		3 Structural Finite Element Analysis
			3.1 Finite Element Method Software
			3.2 Model Simplification and Meshing
			3.3 Load Application
			3.4 Model Constraints and Load Application Form
			3.5 Inertial Release Finite Element Analysis
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Research on Bearing Fault Recognition Based on PSO-MCKD and 1D-CNN
		1 Introduction
		2 PSO Optimizes Maximum Correlation Kurtosis Deconvolution
		3 One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network
			3.1 Convolutional Neural Network
			3.2 1D-CNN Bearing Fault Recognition Model
		4 Test Verification
			4.1 Frequency Domain Analysis of Bearing Fault Signal
			4.2 Demising Analysis of Bearing Fault Signal
			4.3 Bearing Fault Identification Based on 1D-CNN
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing of a Passive Camber Morphing Airfoil Using a 3D-Printed Compliant Mechanism
		1 Introduction
		2 Wind Tunnel Experiment
			2.1 Experimental Equipment
			2.2 Experimental Parameters
			2.3 Wind Tunnel Model Construction
			2.4 Deformation Analysis
		3 Results
			3.1 Deformation Characteristics (α = 15°)
			3.2 The AOA Dependencies of the Deformation Characteristics
			3.3 Aerodynamic Characteristics
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Surrogate Model-Based Parametric Structural Design of a Composite Tiltrotor Blade
		1 Introduction
		2 Numerical Methodology
			2.1 Blade Shape Generation
			2.2 Parametric Modeling for Composite Blades
			2.3 Surrogate Model
			2.4 Aircraft Aerodynamics Model
		3 Result Analysis
			3.1 Comparison of Surrogate Models
			3.2 Simplified Boundary Conditions and Working Conditions
			3.3 Effects of Parameters
		4 Summary and Conclusion
		References