The proceedings of the 10th Frontier Academic Forum of Electrical Engineering (FAFEE2022): Volume II (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1054)

Contents
Communication Protocol Optimization of Electric Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Based on Active Wakeup
	1 Introduction
	2 Active Wakeup of Sensors
	3 Communication Protocol Optimization
	4 Theoretical Analysis
		4.1 Existing Communication Protocol of e-LPWSN
		4.2 Optimized Communication Protocol of e-LPWSN
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Application of Scientific Hypothesis - Deductive Method in Analysis of Abnormal Swing Fluctuation of Hydropower Unit
	1 Introduction
	2 Analytical Application of the Methodology
		2.1 Look for Relevant Factors
		2.2 Generation of Hypothesis
		2.3 Verification of Hypotheses
	3 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Gear Ratio and Torque Density of Magnetic Gears Based on Genetic Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 MG Configuration
	3 Optimize Settings
	4 Comparative Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Simulation Study for the Influence of Electrical Trees on Electric Field Distribution Around 10 kV Cable Bushing
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Simulation Model of Cable Bushing
		2.1 The Numerical Model
		2.2 The Numerical Model
		2.3 Model Building and Mesh Generation
	3 Influence of Electric Branches on Electric Field Intensity Distribution Around Casing
		3.1 Influence of Electric Branches at Different Locations on Electric Field Distribution
		3.2 Effects of Different Forms of Electric Branches on Electric Field Distribution
	4 Conclusion
	References
Novel Controllable Commutated Converter (CLCC) and Rapid Defense Method for Commutation Failure
	1 Introduction
	2 Controllable Commutation Converter Topology
	3 Parameter Design and Stress Analysis
		3.1 Parameter Design of Converter Valve
		3.2 Stress Analysis
	4 Rapid Detection Method of Commutation Failure
	5 Simulation Verification
	6 Conclusion
	References
An Uncertainty Analysis Method of Dimension Reduction for Multiconductor Transmission Line
	1 Introduction
	2 Interval Analysis Method
	3 Simplified Modeling Method for Stochastic Wire Bundle
		3.1 Wire Bundle Grouping
		3.2 Simplified Wire Bundle Geometry Parameters
		3.3 Terminal Load is Simplified Model
	4 Stochastic Wire Bundle Simulation and Verification
		4.1 Error Analysis
		4.2 Computing Efficiency
	5 Conclusion
	References
Magnetic Field Analysis and Magnetic Resistance Optimization of Moving Magnet Primary Segmented Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motor
	1 Introduction
	2 The Model of Discontinuous Sectional Primary Linear Motor
	3 The Analysis of Air Gap Magnetic Field of Discontinuous Segmented Linear Motor
		3.1 Analytical Formula of Air Gap Magnetic Density for Motor Model
		3.2 The Comparison of Air Gap Magnetic Density Analysis and Finite Element Method
	4 Structure Optimization of SPPMLSM
	5 Load Simulation Comparison of Motor Model Before and After Optimization
	6 Conclusion
	References
Research on a Design Method of Composite Nano Generator Based on Rotation
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Rotary Composite Nano Generator
		2.1 Mechanism of Frictional Nano Power Generation
		2.2 Structural Design of Composite Nano Generator
		2.3 Structural Design of Composite Nano Generator
	3 Power Management Circuit Design
		3.1 Rectifier Circuit Design
		3.2 Charging and Discharging Circuit Design
	4 Simulation and Experimental Verification
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research and Application of Dry-Type Transformer Winding Material Detection Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Thermoelectric Effect Method
		2.1 Principle of Thermoelectric Effect
		2.2 Detection Method of Thermoelectric Effect of Dry-Type Transformer
		2.3 Test Result and Judgment Standard
	3 Detection Example of Dry-Type Transformer Thermoelectric Effect Method
		3.1 Thermoelectric Effect Detection Method of Winding Material
		3.2 Electrical Test Items
		3.3 Transformer Temperature Rise and Capacity Verification
		3.4 Silicon Steel Sheet and Epoxy Resin Detection
	4 Operation and Maintenance Strategy of Aluminum Core Transformer
		4.1 Strengthen Dry Operation and Maintenance
		4.2 Strengthen the Control of Dry Transformer Access Network
	5 Conclusions
	References
Prediction of Dissolved Gas Concentration in Transformer Oil Based on WPD-CSO-LSTM Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Wavelet Packet Decomposition
	3 Long Short-Term Memory
	4 Crisscross Optimization Algorithm
	5 Network Prediction Model Based on WPD-CSO-LSTM
	6 Example Analysis
		6.1 Prediction Model Evaluation Index
		6.2 Partition of Data Sets
		6.3 Data Processing
		6.4 Experimental Results and Analysis
		6.5 Experimental Results of Other Gas Concentration Prediction
	7 Conclusion
	References
Digital Twin Model of Air-Immersed Transformer Based on Electro-Thermal Simulations
	1 Introduction
	2 DT Modeling Scenario and Parameters
		2.1 The Overall Scenario for DT Modeling and Simulation
		2.2 The Parameters of the Air-Immersed Transformer
	3 Digital Twin Model of Air-Immersed Transformers
		3.1 Model Building and Meshing
		3.2 Modeling of Electromagnetic Characteristics
		3.3 Modeling of the Temperature Characteristics
	4 Simulation Analysis
		4.1 Electromagnetic Field Simulation
		4.2 Temperature Field Simulation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Simulation and Lead-In Design of Wall Bushings in Artificial Climate Chamber Under Complex Atmospheric Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Breakdown Voltage Correction and Corona Control Value
		2.1 Breakdown Voltage Correction
		2.2 Corona Control Value
	3 Simulation Settings
	4 Design of Installation Position
	5 Final Design Scheme Verification
		5.1 Breakdown Voltage Correction
		5.2 Corona Discharge Verification
		5.3 Final Design Scheme
	6 Conclusions
	References
Cascade Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control Research for Bearingless Switched Reluctance Motors
	1 Introduction
	2 Cascade FCS-MPC Algorithm for BSRM
		2.1 Prediction Model of BSRM
		2.2 BSRM Optimal Voltage Vector Selection
	3 Simulation and Analysis of Cascade FCS-MPC Algorithm
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Design of Voltage-PDM Type Torque Controller for Dual-Winding BSRM Based on Super-Twisting Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 BSRM Control Principle
		2.1 Torque Control Principle
		2.2 Suspension Force Control Principle
	3 Implementation of Super-Twisting Torque Controller
		3.1 Design of Super-Twisting Controller
		3.2 Pulse Density Modulation Principle
	4 Control Block Diagram
	5 Simulation Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
Harmonic Elimination in Inverter Using Modified GWO Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm
	3 Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm
		3.1 Chaotic Population Initialization
		3.2 Improved Nonlinear Convergence Factor
		3.3 Position Updating Formula Based on Particle Swarm Optimization
	4 Establishment of Five-Level SHEPWM Equations
	5 Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm for Solving Nonlinear Equations
	6 Simulation and Experimental Verification
		6.1 Simulation Study
		6.2 Experimental Analysis
	7 Conclusions
	References
Design and Application of Non-contact Voltage Acquisition Module for Dry Air Core Reactor
	1 Introduction
	2 Testing Principle and Testing Equipment
		2.1 Architecture of Non-contact Voltage Waveform Acquisition Module
		2.2 Construction of Non-contact Voltage Acquisition Module
	3 The Non-contact Voltage Acquisition Module Test
		3.1 Time Domain Response Speed Test of Sensor
		3.2 Response Speed Test of Sensor
	4 The Non-contact Voltage Acquisition Module Test
		4.1 On Site Switching Test of Test Station
		4.2 On Site Switching Overvoltage Test of Substation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Experiment and Simulation Study on the Generation Process of Cable Carbonization Path
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Cable Carbonization Process Based on High-Speed Camera
		2.1 Experimental Design
		2.2 Analysis of the Carbonization Process
		2.3 Carbonization path Generation Mechanism
	3 Multi-factor Analysis of Carbonization Path Generation
		3.1 Orthogonal Experimental Design
		3.2 Range Analysis in Orthogonal Experiments
	4 Cable Notch Arc Model Simulation
		4.1 Arc Magnetohydrodynamic Equation Set
		4.2 Simulation Model
		4.3 Simulation Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Thermal Runaway Behavior and Early Fire Detection Method of Lithium Battery
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Thermal Runaway Gas Production Mechanism of Lithium Battery
	3 Experimental Design
		3.1 Samples of the Battery
		3.2 Design of Experimental Apparatus and Methods
	4 Study and Analysis of Thermal Runaway Behavior
		4.1 Analysis of Heat Production Behavior
		4.2 Analysis of Gas Production Behavior
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design of an Inductive Charging System Based on PCB-Resonator with Constant Current or Constant Voltage Output
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of PCB-Resonator
		2.1 Equivalent Model
		2.2 Port Impedance
	3 Analysis of IPT System with CC-CV Output
	4 Experiment
		4.1 Experimental Setup
		4.2 CC Mode Experiment Results
		4.3 CV Mode Experiment Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Bidirectional Converter-Based Decentralized Compensation Solution for Medium Voltage Networks in Urban Railways
	1 Introduction
	2 Decentralized Compensation Solution
		2.1 Compensation Network Topology
		2.2 Compensation Control Method
	3 Reactive Power Compensation Strategy
	4 Analysis of Reactive Power Compensation Optimization Examples
		4.1 Reactive Power Compensation Example
		4.2 Comparison of Reactive Power Compensation Effect
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design of Polygonal Permanent Magnet Array in Magnetic Nanoparticle Imaging System
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Basis of Halbach Permanent Magnet Array
	3 Design of Permanent Magnet Array Linear Field-Free Line System
	4 Analysis of Simulation Results of Different Polygon
	5 Conclusions
	References
Fracture Toughness Measurement of GIS/GIL Epoxy Composites Based on Ultrasonic Testing Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiments
		2.1 Epoxy Specimens
		2.2 Prefabricated Crack Ultrasonic Testing Platform
		2.3 Three-Point Bending Test
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Ultrasonic Detection of Prefabricated Crack Lengths
		3.2 Fracture Toughness Measurement
	4 Conclusion
	References
Active Gate Drive for Short-Circuit Current Suppression of SiC MOSFET in Hard Switching Fault
	1 Introduction
	2 Gate Drive circuit and Parameters design
	3 Experiment
	4 Conclusion
	References
Analysis and Research on an Equivalent Circuit of LiFePO4 Battery Under a High Discharge Rate
	1 Introduction
	2 Typical Equivalent Circuit
		2.1 First-Order RC circuit
		2.2 Second-Order RC circuit
	3 Parameter Identification Based on the FFRLS Algorithm
		3.1 Algorithm Principle
		3.2 Online Identification of First-Order RC Circuit Parameters
		3.3 Online Identification of Second-Order RC Circuit Parameters
	4 Experimental Validation
		4.1 Calibration Experiment of OCV-SOC Function
		4.2 Model Parameter Identification Experiment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Orderly Charging Scheduling Strategies for Interactive Power Networks Through Cloud-Side-End Collaboration
	1 Introduction
	2 System Scheduling Strategy
		2.1 Orderly Charging Scheduling Strategy Based on Three Elements
		2.2 The Characteristics of Detection Flow Data and Control Flow Data
	3 System Hardware
		3.1 Power Controller Hardware
		3.2 Orderly Charging Coordinator Hardware
	4 System Software
	5 System Test
	6 Conclusion
	References
Multi-objective Optimization of Motor Rotor Notches Based on Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Analytical Calculation of Electromagnetic Force
	3 Optimum Design of Motor Rotor Structure
	4 Multi-objective Optimization Algorithm Based on Particle Swarm Optimization
		4.1 Multi-objective Optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization Theory
		4.2 Multi-objective Optimization Process
		4.3 Comparison of Optimization Effects
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis and Simulation of Electromagnetic Vibration Under Fault-Tolerant Control of Marine Six-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of the Structure and Electromagnetic Vibration Mechanism of Six-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
		2.1 Modeling of the Motor
		2.2 Electromagnetic Vibration Mechanism Analysis
	3 Electromagnetic Solutions Under Different Working Conditions
		3.1 Motor Excitation Source Setting Under Load
		3.2 Motor Excitation Source Setting After Open-Phase
		3.3 Motor Excitation Source Setting After Single-Phase Open-Circuit Fault-Tolerant Control
		3.4 Excitation Source Setting After Two-Phase Open-Circuit Fault-Tolerant Control
		3.5 Comparative Analysis of Radial Electromagnetic Force Finite Element Solution Results
	4 Magneto-Solid Interaction Physics Field Simulation
		4.1 Stator Core Surface Vibration Response Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research on PWM Rectifier Extending DC Working Voltage Range
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling and Control of PWM Rectifier
	3 Method Analysis of Broadening DC Side Voltage Range of PWM Rectifier
	4 Simulation Analysis
		4.1 Constant Voltage Region
		4.2 Constant Power Region
		4.3 Power Reduction Region
	5 Conclusion
	References
Deep Learning + Complex Physics Field Modeling: Illustrated by the Example of Numerical Investigation on Low Temperature Plasma
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Deep Learning for Low Temperature Plasma Simulation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Multi-objective Coordinated Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicles Considering Dynamic Time-of-Use Electricity Price
	1 Introduction
	2 EV Charging Behavior Characteristics and Dynamic Time-of-Use Electricity Price
		2.1 The EV Charging Behavior Characteristics
		2.2 The EV Charging Behavior Characteristics
	3 EVs Coordinated Charging Strategy Model
		3.1 EVs Coordinated Charging Strategy
		3.2 EVs Coordinated Charging Strategy
	4 Genetic Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Optimization
		4.1 The Algorithm Improvement
		4.2 The Algorithm Parameter Setting
	5 Analysis of Examples
		5.1 Optimization Results Under Different Electricity Price Strategies
		5.2 Optimization Results for Different Numbers of Vehicles
		5.3 Optimization Results Under Different Responsiveness
		5.4 Optimization Results Under Different Algorithms
	6 Conclusion
	References
Coordinated Control of Commutation Failure Prevention Under UHVDC Multi-infeed System
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure and Control Strategy of UHVDC Multi-infeed System
		2.1 Structure of UHVDC Multi-infeed System
		2.2 CFPREV Control Strategy of UHVDC Multi-infeed System
	3 The Coordinated Control of CFPREV in UHVDC Multi-infeed System
		3.1 The Strategy of Coordinated Control of CFPREV in UHVDC Multi-infeed System
		3.2 The Effect of the Coordinated Control on Suppressing Commutation Failure under Symmetric Faults
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on Multi-modal Track Association and Fusion Algorithm in Air Defense Weapon System
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Multi-modal Track Association and Fusion Algorithm
		3.1 Three-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Track Association Fusion Model Based on Triangle Method
	4 Simulation Experiment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Harmonic Analysis of Grid-Connected Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
	1 Introduction
	2 Typical City Electric Vehicle Charging Station
		2.1 Classification of EV Charging Stations in Typical Cities
		2.2 EV Charger Model
	3 The Impact of Urban Charging Station Access on the Harmonics of the Distribution Network
		3.1 Harmonic Analysis Model for Urban EVCSs
		3.2 Harmonic Analysis of Different Charging Scenarios
	4 Conclusion
	References
Two-Tier Demand-Side Response for Hydrogen Producing and Hydrogen Selling Integrated Hydrogenation Station
	1 Introduction
	2 Two-Tier Demand-Side Response System Structure and Demand-Side Response Mechanism
		2.1 Integrated Energy System Structure of the Integrated Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Refueling Mother Station
		2.2 Link Model of Integrated Energy System Structure of Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Refuelling Integrated Mother Station
		2.3 Two-Layer Demand-Side Response Mechanism of the Integrated Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Refueling Mother Station
	3 Two-Tier Demand-Side Response Model
		3.1 Objective Function
		3.2 Constraints
	4 Example Analysis
		4.1 Background of the Algorithm
		4.2 Feasibility Experiment Results and Analysis
		4.3 Analysis of Sensitivity Test Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Visual Defect Detection Method of High Voltage Overhead Transmission Line Based on rp-CenterNet
	1 Introduction
	2 Directional Adaptive Visual Defect Detection Framework for High-Voltage Overhead Transmission Lines
		2.1 Application of Directional Adaptive Target Detection in Transmission Line Defect Detection
		2.2 TRANS2021 Dataset
	3 Visual Defect Detection of Transmission Equipment Based on rp-CenterNet
		3.1 Network Structure
		3.2 Equipment Category Prior Check
	4 Simulation Experiment and Result Analysis
		4.1 Dataset and Experimental Environment
		4.2 Analysis of Simulation Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research of Image Recognition Technology Based on 3D Point Cloud Data in Locomotive Roof Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 System Design
		2.1 System Workflow
		2.2 3D Reconstruction of the Roof Image
		2.3 Image Recognition Algorithms
		2.4 Image Acquisition Module
		2.5 Vehicle Number Recognition Module
		2.6 Speed Measurement Module
		2.7 Control Module
	3 System Testing
	4 Conclusion
	References
Review of Isolated DC-DC Converter for Wide Voltage Range Regulation
	1 Introduction
	2 Single-Stage Topology
		2.1 Primary Side Modified Resonant Converter
		2.2 Transformer Modified Resonant Converter
		2.3 Secondary Side Modified Resonant Converter
	3 Other Topologies
		3.1 Two-Stage Topology
		3.2 Quasi-Single-Stage Topology
		3.3 LCLC Resonant Converter
	4 Topology Summary and Comparison
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis on the Operating Condition of Electrical Contact Structure Used in Gas Insulated Switchgear
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Basis
		2.1 GIS Busbar Joint Modeling
		2.2 Electrical Contact Theory
		2.3 Theoretical Basis
		2.4 Calculation Method of Thermal Field and Flow Field
	3 Simulation and Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Multi-objective Optimization and Research of the New Type Combined Excitation Permanent Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Motor Topology Analysis
	3 Motor Parameter Optimization
		3.1 Optimization Goals and Parameters
		3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
		3.3 High-Sensitivity Parameters Optimization
		3.4 Low-Sensitivity Parameters Optimization
	4 Performance Comparison
		4.1 CEPMM Structure Parameters
		4.2 Analysis of No-Load Condition
		4.3 Analysis of Electromagnetic Torque
		4.4 Analysis of Efficiency
		4.5 Analysis of Demagnetization
	5 Experiment Verification
	6 Conclusion
	References
Sensorless Control of Multiphase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Considering Phase-to-Phase Coupling
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model of Twelve-Phase PMSM
		2.1 Mathematical Model in abc Coordinate System
		2.2 Mathematical Model in αβ0 Coordinate System
	3 Rotor Flux Observation Method Considering Phase-to-Phase Coupling
	4 Rotor Position and Speed Observation Based on PLL
	5 Simulation Verification
		5.1 Simulation of Typical Load Conditions
		5.2 Comparative Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Analysis of Electromagnetic Loops Opening Scheme Based on Penalty Variable Weight Optimal Comprehensive Evaluation Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Operation Index of Opening Scheme
		2.1 Subsection Sample Flow Distribution Index
		2.2 Grid Security Indicators
		2.3 Short Circuit Current Index
		2.4 Section Transmission Power Limit Index
		2.5 Sending and Receiving End Power and Power Balance Indicators
	3 Optimal Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Penalty Variable Weight
		3.1 Inverse Quotient Transform and De-dimensioning
		3.2 Constant Weight Optimal Comprehensive Evaluation
		3.3 Optimal Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Penalty Variable Weight
	4 Case Analysis
		4.1 Introduction to Shaanxi Power Grid
		4.2 Simulation Analysis of Power Grid Decoupling Scheme
	5 Epilogue
	References
Application and Development of Active Distribution Grid Technology for Integrated Energy Systems in the Context of Industrial Internet
	1 Introduction
	2 Typical Model of Active Distribution Network of Integrated Energy System in the Context of Industrial Internet
	3 Typical Model of Active Distribution Network of Integrated Energy System in the Context of Industrial Internet
	4 The Development Path of Active Distribution Network of Integrated Energy System in the Context of Industrial Internet
	5 Conclusion
	References
Development of LDV-Based Length Measuring Equipment for Tension Stranding Construction Conductor
	1 Introduction
	2 Functional Requirements of Tension Wire Length Measuring Equipment
		2.1 Tension Wire Construction Features
		2.2 Tension Wire Construction Features
	3 Establishment of Non-Contact Length Measurement Model
	4 Development of Wire Length Measuring Equipment
		4.1 Overall Structure Scheme of Length Measuring Equipment
		4.2 Hardware Structure Design of Length Measuring System
		4.3 System Software Programming
	5 Engineering Applications
	6 Conclusion
	References
Achieving High Dielectric Constant, High Breakdown Strength, and High Efficiency in a Linear Polymethyl Methacrylate Composite for Energy Storage
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Preparation of the PMMA Composite Films
		2.3 Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Thermal Circuit Model of Oil-Immersed Distribution Transformer in Unbalanced Operation
	1 Introduction
	2 The Thermal Circuit Model of Transformer in Unbalanced Operation
	3 The Calculation Method of Model Parameters
		3.1 The Losses
		3.2 The Thermal Capacitance
		3.3 The Thermal Resistances
	4 The Thermal Resistance Calculation
		4.1 The Unbalanced Temperature Rise Test
		4.2 The Parameters Calculation Results
	5 The Variation Law of Thermal Resistances
		5.1 The Nonlinearity Exponent of Thermal Resistances
		5.2 The Thermal Resistance Coefficient
		5.3 Verification
	6 Conclusion
	References
Improved Transformer Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Sparrow Search Algorithm-Optimized BP Network and Duval Pentagon
	1 Introduction
	2 Duval Pentagon Method
	3 Sparrow Search Algorithm to Optimize BP Neural Network
		3.1 Sparrow Search Algorithm
		3.2 BP Neural Network
	4 Improved Fault Diagnosis Model Based on Duval\'s Pentagonal Method and SSA-BP
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Improved Low Voltage Ride Through Strategy for Wind Turbines Connected to the Weak Grid
	1 Introduction
	2 System Modeling and Control
		2.1 Low Voltage Ride Through Weak Grid
		2.2 Control of System
	3 LVRT Current Control Strategy
		3.1 Current Limiting Strategy
		3.2 Traditional Method
		3.3 The Proposed Method
	4 Simulation Verification
		4.1 Simulation Parameters
		4.2 Simulation Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimal Planning of Power-to-Hydrogen Unit Considering Electrical-Thermal Coupling in Power System with Offshore Wind
	1 Introduction
	2 Planning Model of Power-to-Hydrogen Unit Considering Electrical-Thermal Coupling
		2.1 Electrical-Thermal Coupling Model of PtH Unit
		2.2 Planning Model of Power System with PtH Units
		2.3 Model Linearization
	3 Case Study
		3.1 System Description
	4 Influence of PtH Units on Offshore Wind Integration
	5 Sensitivity Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Research and Application on Ferroresonance Suppression Effect of 6~35 kV Potential Transformer Current - Sensitive Harmonic - Free Device
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle and Characteristics of PT Ferromagnetic Resonance Overvoltage
		2.1 Harm of Ferromagnetic Resonance Overvoltage in Distribution Network
		2.2 PT Ferromagnetic Resonance Overvoltage Principle
		2.3 Characteristics of Ferromagnetic Resonance in PT Circuit
	3 Research and Analysis on Treatment Measures of Ferromagnetic Resonance
		3.1 Change the Resonance Parameters
		3.2 Increase System Damping
	4 Flow-Sensitive Intelligent Harmonic Elimination Management Technology
		4.1 The Working Principle of the Flow-Sensitive Harmonic Elimination Device
		4.2 Simulation
	5 Flow-Sensitive Intelligent Harmonic Elimination Management Technology
	6 Conclusion
	References
Delta Measurement Analysis Method Applicable to All-Parallel AT Traction Network of High Speed Railway
	1 Introduction
	2 Fault Current Analysis
	3 Delta Measurement Analysis
	4 Simulation Validation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis and Research of Networked Traction Power Supply System
	1 Introduction
	2 Networked Traction Power Supply System
		2.1 System Structure
		2.2 System Operation Principle
	3 The Working Principle of PET
		3.1 Basic Structure of PET
		3.2 Control Strategy for PET
	4 Simulation Model Analysis
		4.1 Simulation Model
		4.2 System Performance Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Propagation Characteristics of High-Frequency Partial Discharge Current in Gas Insulated Equipment
	1 Introduction
	2 Equivalent Circuit Analysis and Parameters Calculation
		2.1 Equivalent Circuit Analysis
		2.2 Distribution Parameters Calculation
	3 Simulation of High-Frequency Current Propagation Characteristics
		3.1 Simulation Model of High-Frequency Current
		3.2 Simulation Model of Gasinsulated Equipment
	4 Simulation Results
		4.1 Effect of Distance on High-Frequency Current Propagation
		4.2 Effect of Frequency on High-Frequency Current Propagation
		4.3 Effect of Discharge Position High-Frequency Current Propagation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on the Motion Behavior and Discharge Characteristics of Spherical Metal Particles in DC GIS
	1 Introduction
	2 The Analysis of Force and Charging Mechanism of Particles
	3 Simulation of Metal Particle Motion in Coaxial Cylindrical Electrodes
	4 Experimental Analysis of Metal Particle Motion Behavior and Discharge Characteristics
		4.1 Test Platform
		4.2 Motion Behavior and Discharge Characteristics of Single Particles
		4.3 Effect of Particle Size
		4.4 Effect of Different Numbers of Particles
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Comparison Study of Nonlinear Solvers in Transient Circuit Analysis Involving Power Diodes
	1 Introduction
	2 Formulations
		2.1 Behavior-Based Model of Diodes
		2.2 Time Discretization of a Reference Problem
		2.3 Fixed-Point and Newton-Type Nonlinear Solvers
	3 Numerical Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Application of VMD-Based Electromagnetic Railgun Launch Current Feature Extraction in the Measurement of Muzzle-Leaving Time
	1 Introduction
	2 Launch Current Analysis
		2.1 Circuit Principle of Pulse Power Supply
		2.2 Launch Current and Armature-Rail Contact State
	3 VMD Algorithm
		3.1 Variational Mode Construction
		3.2 Solution of Variational Problems
	4 Test and Data Analysis
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
K-Means Based Multi-dimensional Charging Behavior Profiling Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 User Charging Behavior Data Analysis
		2.1 Abnormal Data Cleaning
		2.2 Feature Selection
		2.3 Data Standardization
	3 Multi-dimensional User Profiling Technology
		3.1 RFM Model
		3.2 K-Means Clustering
		3.3 Analysis of Clustering Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Turn-to-Turn Overvoltage Test Technology for Dry-Type Smoothing Reactor
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Principle
		2.1 Standard Recommended Dry Reactor Turn-to-Turn Overvoltage Test Circuits
		2.2 High Frequency Decay Oscillation Voltage Test Circuit
	3 Simulation Verification
		3.1 Principle of High Frequency Decay Oscillation Test
		3.2 Analysis of Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on Target User Optimal Complex Path Technology for Regional Fault Scenario
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Characteristics
		2.1 Establish Target User Data Characteristics
		2.2 Establish Relationship with Bus Line Group
		2.3 Establish Regional Fault Characteristics
	3 Analysis of Power Restoration Path
		3.1 Conventional Power Restoration Path
		3.2 Unconventional Power Restoration Path
		3.3 Analysis of Optimal Power Restoration Path
	4 Example
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Novel Design Method of Motor Speed Controller Based on Convex Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Basics of Speed Controller Design
		2.1 Basic Mathematic Model of Speed Control System
		2.2 Selection of Controller Index
	3 Design and Analysis of Classic Speed Controllers
		3.1 PI Controller
		3.2 DOB Controller
	4 Speed Controller Design Based on Convex Optimization
		4.1 Parametrization of General Linear Controllers
		4.2 Design Process of Linear Speed Controller
		4.3 Performance Analysis of COB controller
	5 Simulation Verification
	6 Conclusion
	References
Fire Extinguishing Effect of Reignition Inhibitor on Lithium Iron Phosphate Storage Battery Module
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Sample and Method
		2.1 Experimental Sample
		2.2 Experimental Device
		2.3 Experimental Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Analysis of Battery Burning Phenomenon
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Power Decoupling Strategy for Three-Phase Inverter Based on Mid-Leg Fundamental-Frequency Common-Mode Voltage Injection Under Unbalanced Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Control Strategy and simulation verification
	4 Conclusion
	References
Terminal Sliding Mode Control of Permanent Magnet Motor Considering Saturation Effect
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Analysis of Nonlinear Effects of Permanent Magnet Motors
		2.2 Consider the Mathematical Model of Nonlinear Permanent Magnet Motor
	3 Designing Improved Terminal Slide Controllers
	4 Simulation Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Equivalent Transformer Capacitance Model Analysis Method for CM Noise Conduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Transformer Winding capacitance Model
	3 Transformer EMI Character with Different Topology
	4 Experimental Verification
	5 Conclusions
	References
Virtual Screening of New High Voltage Insulating Gases as Potential Candidates for SF6 Replacement
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Estimation of Boiling Points
		2.2 Estimation of Dielectric Strength
		2.3 Filtering of Other Relevant Properties
		2.4 Estimation of GWP
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 The Virtual Screening Protocol Is Able to Enrich Compounds with High Dielectric Strengths and Low Boiling Points
		3.2 The Virtual Screening Protocol is Able to Enrich Compounds with Diverse Structures
		3.3 Optimization of the Virtual Screening
	4 Conclusion
	References
Prediction of Global Warming Potential of Insulating Gases Using Random Forest Classifiers
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Compiling of the Dataset
		2.2 Calculations of the Descriptors
		2.3 Random Forest Classification
		2.4 Performance of the Model
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Datasets
		3.2 Calculations of the Descriptors
		3.3 Training and Verification of the Model
		3.4 Analysis of Structure-GWP Relationship
	4 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of an Internal Fault of Main Transformer
	1 Introduction
	2 Defect Description
	3 Equipment Information and Protection Action
		3.1 Equipment Information
		3.2 Protective Action
	4 On-Site Inspection and Test
		4.1 On-Site Inspection
		4.2 Oil Chromatography Test
		4.3 Electrical Test
	5 Toggle Switch Inspection Power Failure Test
	6 Internal Inspection of Oil Discharge and Disassembly Inspection Disposal of Power Failure
	7 Failure Cause Analysis
		7.1 Short-Circuit Current Calculation
		7.2 Failure Cause Analysis
	8 Conclusions
	References
Smooth Wind Power Fluctuation Based on Sliding Average and Low Pass Filtering
	1 Introduction
	2 Sliding Average Wind Power Decomposition
		2.1 Structure of Combined Wind-Storage System
		2.2 Moving Average Algorithm
	3 HESS Power Distribution Based on Low-Pass Filtering
		3.1 LPF Structure
		3.2 Power Distribution Based on LPF
	4 Analysis of Numerical Examples
		4.1 Amplitude Frequency Characteristic
		4.2 Analysis of the Results of Inhibition
		4.3 HESS Power Distribution
	5 Conclusions
	References
Research on Repetition Frequency Pulse Current Source Based on Solid State Switching Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 Working Principle
	3 Control System Design
	4 Prototype Design and Test
		4.1 Vlave Bank Trigger Conformance Test
		4.2 Repetition Frequency Test
	5 Conclusion
	References
Monitoring Method of Power Data Asset Operation Platform Based on Visualization Technology
	1 Introduction
	2 A Monitoring Method of Power Data Asset Operation Platform Based on Visualization Technology
		2.1 Visualizing Operation Platform Data Based on Visualization Technology
		2.2 Monitoring Power Data Asset Operation Platform
	3 Simulation Experiment
		3.1 Experimental Data
		3.2 Experimental Indicators
		3.3 Experimental Environment
		3.4 Comparison of Monitoring Effects
	4 Conclusion
	References
Primary Frequency Modulation Study of Receiver System with High Proportion Power Electronic Power Supplies
	1 Introduction
	2 Receiving-End Grid Frequency Security Issues
		2.1 Basic Control Strategies for Power Electronics Power Supplies
		2.2 Equivalent FM Parameters of the Receiving-End Grid
		2.3 Identification of Dominant Factors for Frequency Stability of the Receiving-End Grid
	3 Power Electronic Power Supply Involved in FM
		3.1 Wind Turbine Participation in Frequency Regulation
		3.2 DC Participation in FM
		3.3 Energy Storage Assisted Participation in Frequency Regulation
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Case 1
		4.2 Case 2
		4.3 Case 3
	5 Conclusion
	References
IGBT Module Status Monitoring Method Based on High-Speed Peak Holding
	1 Introduction
	2 Health Indicator
		2.1 Failure Mechanism
		2.2 Internal Parasitic Parameters of the IGBT Module
	3 Voltage Peak Detection Circuit
	4 Experimental Validation and Results Comparison
		4.1 Condition Monitoring Program
		4.2 Experimental Platform
		4.3 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Abnormal Power Consumption Identification Method Considering User Psychology
	1 Introduction
	2 Patterns of Abnormal Power Consumption Behavior
		2.1 Malicious Abnormal Power Consumption Behavior
		2.2 Non-Malicious Abnormal Power Consumption Behavior
	3 Cause Identification Method of Abnormal Power Consumption
		3.1 Power Consumption Event Detection Based on Χ2GOF Test
		3.2 Characteristics Extraction of Power Consumption Events
		3.3 Cause Identification of Abnormal Power Consumption Behavior Based on Characteristic Matching
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Identification Results of Malicious Abnormal Power Consumption Behavior
		4.2 Identification Results of Non-Malicious Abnormal Power Consumption Behavior
		4.3 Mixed Discrimination Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using 1D-CNN Combined with Multi-Dimensional Input and Self-Attention Mechanism
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
		2.1 1D-CNN and Self-Attention
		2.2 Proposed Method
	3 Dataset Description and Parameters Setting
		3.1 Dataset Description
		3.2 Parameters Setting
	4 Experimental Results and Comparison Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Interfacial Breakdown Voltage and Morphology of Cable Accessories Considering Different Interface States and Temperatures
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment
		2.1 Materials and Specimens
		2.2 Interface Breakdown Test
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Interfacial Breakdown Tests at Different Roughness
		3.2 Interfacial Breakdown Tests at Different Pressures
		3.3 Breakdown Tests at Different Temperatures
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on Critical Breakdown Distance of 110 kV/220 kV AC Transmission Lines with Trees Approaching
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Method
		2.1 The Method of the Experiment
	3 Simulation Study on Adjacent Trees Under AC Transmission Line
		3.1 Electrostatic Field Simulation
		3.2 Simulation Verification
		3.3 Analysis of Simulation Results
		3.4 Determination of Safe Distance Between Trees and Wires
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Optimization Design Method of Multi-chip Parallel Power Module Based on Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Layout of Double Side Cooling Power Module Based on Laminated Terminal and Equivalent Heat Transfer Area
		2.1 Laminated Terminal and Equivalent Heat Transfer Area
		2.2 Overall Structure of Power Module
	3 Modeling of Parasitic Inductance, Thermal Resistance and Power Density
		3.1 Model of Parasitic Inductance
		3.2 Model of Junction Temperature
		3.3 Model of Power Density
	4 Power Module Optimization Design
		4.1 Principle of D3QN Deep Reinforcement Learning
		4.2 D3QN Training Results
	5 Simulation Verification
		5.1 Simulation and Verification of Parasitic Inductance
		5.2 Simulation and Verification of Temperature Field
	6 Conclusion
	References
Low-Cost Modular Multilevel Converter Topology and Its Fault Control Strategy for Offshore Wind Power
	1 Introduction
	2 Integrated Design and Control of CSM Converter
		2.1 Offshore Wind Power Transmission System
		2.2 Integrated Design of DC Chopper Circuit and Converter
		2.3 Converter Circulating Control
	3 Cooperative Control of CSM Converter and Wind Farm
	4 Simulation Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Simulation Study on Thermal Effect of Multistage PIN Limiter
	1 Introduction
	2 Model of the PIN Diode and PIN Limiter
	3 Physical Model
		3.1 Mobility Model
		3.2 Recombination Model
		3.3 Thermodynamic Model
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Hybrid Energy Storage System with Doubly Fed Flywheel and Coordination Control Strategy
	1 Introduction
	2 Double-Fed Flywheel and Lithium Battery Hybrid Energy Storage Microgrid
	3 Hybrid Energy Storage Coordinated Control Strategy
		3.1 Coordinated Control Strategy for Grid-Connected Operation of Hybrid Energy Storage
		3.2 Hybrid Energy Storage Control Strategy for Islanding Operation
	4 Hybrid Energy Storage System Simulation
		4.1 Analysis of Grid-Connected Operation
		4.2 Islanding Operation Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Multi-scenario Safe Operation Method of Energy Storage System for Cascade Utilization of Retired Power Batteries
	1 Introduction
	2 Optimal Configuration Mathematical Model
		2.1 Objective Function
		2.2 Constraint Function
	3 Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
		3.1 Standard Particle Swarm Optimization and Simulated Annealing
		3.2 Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
	4 Case Analysis
		4.1 Battery Data Source
		4.2 Scene Selection and Simulation Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Characteristics of Submersible Motor Under Fault Condition Based on Electromagnetic-Thermal Coupling
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-field Coupling Analysis
		2.1 Electromagnetic Signal Acquisition
		2.2 Thermal Signal Acquisition
	3 Instance Verification
	4 Conclusion
	References
Data-Driven Dynamic Modeling Methods for Offshore Wind Turbine Generators
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model and Its Dynamic Characteristics of Wind Turbine
		2.1 Response Characteristics of Wind Turbines Under Turbulent Wind Speed Excitation
		2.2 Response Characteristics of Wind Turbines Under Turbulent Wind Speed Excitation
	3 Data-Driven Offshore Wind Turbine Modeling Process
		3.1 BP Neural Network
		3.2 Wind Turbine Data Feature Extraction
	4 Example and Analysis
		4.1 Key Parameters of Wind Turbine
		4.2 Neural Network Input and Output Data
		4.3 Model Training
		4.4 Precision Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Electric Bicycle Charging Load Identification Technology Based on Non-intrusive Load Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Identification Method of Charging Load of Non-intrusive Electric Bicycle
		2.1 Overview of Methods
		2.2 Analysis of Charging Principle and Feature Selection of Electric Bicycle
		2.3 Grab the Charging Status of Electric Bicycles Based on Spectrum Characteristics
		2.4 Tracking the ‘Confirmed Charging’ Status of Electric Bicycle Based on the Whole Charging Process
	3 Experimental Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Approach to Approximate Evaluation of Shielding Effectiveness of Double-Cavity Structure with an Aperture Array Using BLT Equation
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Analysis
		2.1 The Equivalent Circuit Model
		2.2 Calculation Method of Shielding Effectiveness
	3 Model Validation and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Power System Multi-oscillation Center Cut Sets Identification Method Based on Algebraic Graph Theory
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-oscillation Center Identification Method
		2.1 Fundamental Theory of Algebraic Graph
		2.2 Mathematical Graph Model of Power System
		2.3 Power System Multi-oscillation Center Identification
	3 Numerical Examples
		3.1 Four Machines Two Areas System Case
		3.2 IEEE39 Bus New England System
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on the Adsorption Performance of β-Ga2O3 on C2H4 Gas in Transformer Oil
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling and Calculation Method
	3 C2H4 Gas Molecule and β-Ga2O3 Structure
	4 Adsorption Analysis of C2H4 Gas on β-Ga2O3 Surface
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Growth Characteristics of Water Tree in XLPE
	1 Introduction
	2 Sample Preparation and Test Methods
		2.1 Sample Preparation
		2.2 Test Methods
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Observation and Statistics of Water Tree Samples
		3.2 Conditions for the Formation of Water Trees
		3.3 The Effect of Voltage Frequency on the Growth of Water Trees
		3.4 Water Tree Fractal Dimension
	4 Conclusion
	References
Pitch Angle Control of Wind Generation System Based on Wind Speed Prediction
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model of Variable Pitch WPGS
		2.1 Wind Turbine Model
		2.2 Transmission System Model
		2.3 Model of Double Salient Electro-Magnetic Generator
		2.4 Pitch Angle Actuator Model
	3 Wind Speed Prediction Based on Genetic BP Neural Network
		3.1 Principle of Genetic Algorithm
		3.2 Introduction to BP Neural Network
		3.3 Genetic BP Neural Network Prediction Flow
	4 Pitch Control Based on Predictive Wind Speed Feedforward
		4.1 Pitch Angle Controller
		4.2 Modeling of Nonlinear Relationship Between Pitch Angle and Wind Speed
	5 Simulation Study and Results Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
An Experiment on the Characteristics of Sturgeon Perceiving and Avoiding Current Fields in Water
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Experimental Platform and Experimental Process
		2.2 Selection of Experimental Fish
		2.3 Target Identification and Tracking Program Implementation
		2.4 Calculation of Spatial Distribution of Current Density
	3 Experimental Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Position Estimation Method of PMSM Based on SVPWM Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamental Current Model
	3 Experimental Methods and Results
		3.1 Code Generation
		3.2 FPGA and Linux Control Platform
	4 Conclusion
	References
PMSM Vector Control System Based on NPC Three-Level Inverter and Fuzzy Control Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Vector Control System of PMSM
	3 NPC Three-Level Inverter
		3.1 Main Circuit
		3.2 Working Status
		3.3 Implementation Steps of SVPWM Algorithm
	4 Fuzzy Control Algorithm
	5 Simulation Study
		5.1 Comparison of Control Effect Between Two Kinds of Inverters
		5.2 Online Optimization and Adjustment Effect of Speed Ring Control Parameters
	6 Conclusion
	References
An Optimized Fault-Tolerant Strategy Based on Uncoupled Zero-Sequence Voltage Injection for Cascaded Multilevel Converters
	1 Introduction
	2 Optimized Fault-tolerant Strategy Based on Uncoupled Zero-Sequence Voltage Injection
	3 Simulation Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Wind Speed Estimation Based MPPT for WPGS
	1 Introduction
	2 DSEG Wind Power Generation System
		2.1 Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Model
		2.2 Modeling of DSEG
		2.3 Drive Train Dynamic
	3 BP NN Based Wind Speed Estimation
	4 MPPT Realization of Wind Power Generation System
	5 Simulation Study and Result Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Simplified Prediction Method of Magnetic Field Radiation of High-power Power Electronic Equipment
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Cable Magnetic Field Radiation Model
		2.1 Basic Radiation Model
		2.2 Radiation Model of Different Cables
	3 Magnetic Field Prediction Considering Interference
		3.1 Prediction from the EMC Standard
		3.2 Prediction from the Conducted Interference
	4 Experiment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study on the Influence of Different Degrees of Deterioration of Oil-Paper Insulation on Partial Discharge Characteristics
	1 Introduction
	2 Partial Discharge Test Platform
	3 Partial Discharge Test Platform
		3.1 Partial Discharge Characteristics of Extremely Uneven Electric Field Under AC/DC 1:1 Working Condition Under Different Aging Conditions
		3.2 Partial Discharge Characteristics of Extremely Uneven Electric Field Under AC/DC 1:3 Working Condition Under Different Aging Conditions
		3.3 Partial Discharge Characteristics of Slightly Uneven Electric Field Under AC/DC 1:1 Working Condition Under Different Aging Conditions
		3.4 Partial Discharge Characteristics of Slightly Uneven Electric Field Under AC/DC 1:3 Working Condition Under Different Aging Conditions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Power Grid State Assessment Method Based on RMT-PCA
	1 Introduction
	2 Random Matrix Theory
		2.1 M-P Law
		2.2 Ring Law
		2.3 Mean Spectral Radius (MSR)
		2.4 Construction of Power Grid State Matrix
	3 Power Grid State Assessment Based on RMT-PCA
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Case 1
		4.2 Case 2
	5 Conclusion
	References
Simulation of the Leakage Magnetic Field Under Inter-turn Short Circuit in the Transformer
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of Transformer
	3 Analysis of LMF Distribution Under Different Winding Deformations
		3.1 Analysis of ITSC with Different Degrees
		3.2 ITSC
	4 Analysis and Sensor Layout
	5 Conclusion
	References
Sag Monitoring of Transmission Line Based on Motion Sensor
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling and Parameter Solving of Transmission Lines
		2.1 Catenary Model of Transmission Lines
		2.2 Algorithm for Transmission Line Parameter Solving
		2.3 The Influence of Sensor Error
	3 Solving Error Optimization
		3.1 Effect of the Number of Sensors
		3.2 Sensor Placement Strategy
	4 Conclusions
	References
Inversion of Transmission Line Icing State Based on Sag Monitoring
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of Transmission Lines
		2.1 Catenary Model of Transmission Lines
		2.2 Elastic Catenary Model
	3 Icing Detection
	4 Conclusions
	References
Overvoltage Distribution Characteristics of Long Distance Gas Insulated Transmission Lines
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Model
	3 Voltage Analysis Along the Long Distance GIL
	4 Conclusions
	References
500 KV GIL Fault Location Based on Single Terminal Transient Monitoring in Field Takeover Test
	1 Introduction
	2 Construction of Transient Monitoring System
		2.1 Voltage and Current Sensor
		2.2 Voltage and Current Monitoring Terminal
		2.3 Storage Control Unit
	3 Transient Voltage and Current Waveform Analysis
		3.1 Transient Voltage Waveform Analysis
		3.2 Transient Current Waveform Analysis
		3.3 Field Verification
	4 Conclusion
	References
Channel Path Simulation and Channel Loss Calculation of 5G Substation
	1 Introduction
	2 Ideas for Solving 5G Channel Loss in Substations
	3 Calculation of 5G Channel Loss in Substation
		3.1 Tracing of 5G Channels in Substations
		3.2 Calculation of 5G Channel Loss in Substations
	4 Conclusion
	References
5G Antenna Distribution in Substations Considering Electromagnetic Interference Factors
	1 Introduction
	2 Layout Requirements of 5G Base Station Antennas in Substations
	3 Substation 5G Base Station Antenna Layout
		3.1 Mathematical Model Derivation of Field Strength of 5G Base Station Antenna
		3.2 Selection of 5G Base Station Antenna Optimization Layout Under MOPSO Algorithm
	4 Application of the Algorithm
		4.1 Instance Application
	5 Conclusion
	References
A New Distributed Intelligent Distribution Ring Main Unit Based on System on Chip Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Key Technologies Research
		2.1 Intelligent Power Distribution Terminal Based on System on Chip (SoC)
		2.2 Automatic Mapping Method of Single Line Diagram of Distribution Network
		2.3 Research on Self-description and Plug-and-Play Technology
		2.4 Intelligent Sensing Technology of High Reliability Distribution Equipment
	3 Application Effect and Advantages
	4 Conclusions
	References
Research on Small Current Grounding Fault of Distributed Small Hydropower with Different Permeability when Connected to the Grid
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methods
		2.1 Fault Analysis Under Distributed Small Hydropower
		2.2 Fault Feature Collection and Processing
		2.3 Feeder Automation Terminal Optimization and Near End Design
	3 RTDS Simulation Verification
		3.1 Ground Fault Test Under Different Permeability
		3.2 Ground Fault Test of Different Transition Resistors
	4 Conclusions
	References
Research Progress of New Multi-functional Transformer
	1 Introduction
	2 Power Electronic Transformer
		2.1 Working Principle
		2.2 Control Strategy
	3 Hybrid Distribution Transformer
		3.1 Working Principle
		3.2 Control Strategy
	4 Magnetic Control Transformer
		4.1 Magnetically Integrated Transformer
		4.2 Magnetic Saturation Transformer
		4.3 Magnetic Material Type Transformer
	5 Conclusions
	References
Potential Development and Planning Method of Industrial Load Regulation
	1 Introduction
	2 Potential Development Method of Industrial Load Regulation
	3 Industrial Load Planning Method
		3.1 Inner Layer Optimization
		3.2 Outer Layer Optimization
	4 Industrial Load Development Planning Process
	5 Example Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Diagnosis Method for Inter-Turn Short Circuit in Winding Based on Feature Extraction of Traveling Wave
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model of Dry Reactor Winding Wave Process
		2.1 Refraction and Reflection of Traveling Waves
		2.2 MTL Model of Dry-Type Air-Core Reactor Winding
	3 Simulation Model Construction
	4 Simulation
		4.1 Sine Wave
		4.2 Pulse Signal
		4.3 Eigenvalue Construction
	5 Experimental Verification
	6 Results
	References
Research on Output Characteristics of Vibrational Energy Harvesting Device Based on Double Crystal Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam Structure
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Research
		2.1 Piezoelectric Effect
		2.2 Theoretical Calculation of Double Crystal Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam
	3 COMSOL Simulation of Steady-State Output Voltage
	4 Experimental Inquiry
	5 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Study on Ultra-Low Specific Speed Pump as Turbine for Micro-hydropower System
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydraulic Design of Ultra-Low Specific Speed PAT
		2.1 Main Geometric Parameters
	3 Establishment of Three-Dimensional Model
	4 Numerical Simulation
		4.1 Turbulence Model and Control Equation
		4.2 Test Verification
		4.3 Pressure Field
		4.4 Vortex Core Distribution
		4.5 Power Output Characteristics
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Research on Ablation Characteristics of Oil and Gas Pipeline Under Power Frequency Current
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation Test Platform of Power Frequency Arc Ablation on Pipeline
	3 Analysis Method of Ablation Characteristics
	4 Relationship Between Time Current Factor and Ablation Parameter
		4.1 Analysis of Ablation Depth and Ablation Loss
		4.2 Analysis of Ablation Volume, Area and Temperature
	5 Conclusion
	References
Lightweight Object Detection Algorithm Based on Grid Site Work Dress Code Detection Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Object Detection Algorithm
		2.1 Process of Object Detection Algorithm
		2.2 Network Structure of Object Detection Algorithm
	3 Lightweight Object Detection Algorithm
		3.1 Design of Backbone Network
		3.2 Design of Neck Network
	4 Dress Code Detection in Power Grid Site Operations
		4.1 Dataset
		4.2 Hardware Environment
		4.3 Experimental Evaluation Index
		4.4 Detection Results of Lightweight Object Detection Algorithm
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application and Research of Digital Twin Technology in Distribution Transformer Area
	1 Introduction
	2 The Concept of Digital Twin
	3 The Realization of Digital Twin in the Transformer Area
		3.1 Digital Twin System Architecture of the Transformer Area
		3.2 Technical Realization of Digital Twin Matching Transformer Area
	4 Application of Digital Twin Function in the Transformer Area
		4.1 Dynamic Management of the Topology in the Low-Voltage Transformer Area
		4.2 Fault Analysis and Accurate Positioning
		4.3 Line Loss Management
		4.4 Comprehensive Treatment of the Three-Phase Imbalance
	5 Conclusion
	References
Application of Intelligent High Voltage Switchgear
	1 Introduction
	2 Traditional High Voltage Switchgear and Intelligent High Voltage Switchgear
		2.1 Traditional High Voltage Switchgear
		2.2 Intelligent High-Voltage Switch Cabinet
	3 Failure in the Operation of High Voltage Switchgear
	4 Design and Application of Intelligent High Voltage Switchgear
		4.1 Monitoring System
		4.2 Mechanical Characteristics Detection System
		4.3 Video Double Confirmation System
		4.4 Electric Earth Switch
		4.5 Electric Earth Switch
	5 Conclusion
		5.1 Advantages of Application in Intelligent Substation
		5.2 Advantages of Application in Equipment Operation and Maintenance
		5.3 Advantages of Application in Operation and Maintenance Security
	References
Research on Real-Time Data Acquisition of Flexible Distribution Network Based on SCU
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Basis for Real-Time Data Acquisition in Flexible Distribution Network
		2.1 Definition of Real-Time Data Acquisition in Flexible Distribution Network
		2.2 Factors Influencing Real-Time Data Acquisition in Flexible Distribution Network
	3 Features of Flexible Distribution Network Based on SCU
		3.1 Flexible Distribution Network Structure
		3.2 Three-Phase Flexible Distribution Network Structure Based on SCU
		3.3 Synchronous Data Acquisition Method for Flexible Distribution Network
	4 Design of SCU Real-Time Data Acquisition System
		4.1 Design Scheme of SCU Real-Time Data Acquisition System
		4.2 Control of SCU Real-Time Data Acquisition System
	5 Case Study of Real-Time Data Acquisition for Flexible Distribution Network Based on SCU
		5.1 Application of Real-Time Data Acquisition
		5.2 Data Acquisition Strategy for Flexible Distribution Network
	6 Conclusion
	References
Deep Learning-Based Breakdown Voltage Prediction for Ball-to-Ball Discharge with an Air Gap Less Than 1.5 m
	1 Introduction
	2 Data
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Convolutional Neural Network
		3.2 Neural Network Architecture Design
		3.3 Workflow of Algorithm
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Remaining Useful Life Prediction Method of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Relevance Vector Machine
	1 Introduction
	2 RUL Prediction by SK RVM
		2.1 RVM Algorithm
		2.2 Phase-Space Reconstruction
		2.3 RUL Prediction Experimental Method of SK RVM
	3 RUL Prediction by PSO MK RVM
		3.1 MK RVM Algorithm
		3.2 PSO Algorithm
		3.3 RUL Prediction Experimental Method of MK RVM
	4 Prediction Simulation
		4.1 The Experimental Data
		4.2 Analysis of Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Capacity Optimization of Haolebaoji-Ji’an Railway Freight Transportation
	1 Introduction
	2 Traffic Flow Path
		2.1 Limited Service Coverage
		2.2 Angular Wagon Flow
	3 Collection and Distribution System
		3.1 Inadequate Supply in Collection
		3.2 Inadequate Capacity in Distribution
	4 Empty Wagon Dispatching
	5 Capacity Optimization Strategy
		5.1 Traffic Flow Path Adjustment
		5.2 Collection and Distribution System Construction
		5.3 Empty Wagon Dispatching Strategy
	6 Conclusion
	References
Electric Field Simulation and Optimization of Environmentally Friendly ±400 kV DC Wall Bushing
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristic Analysis of C4F7N/CO2 Gas Mixture
		2.1 Insulation Strength of C4F7N/CO2 Gas Mixture
	3 Calculation Model
	4 Analysis of Electric Field Simulation Results
		4.1 Analysis of Electric Field and Potential Simulation Results
		4.2 Analysis of Electric Field Nonuniformity
	5 Optimization of Shield Structure
		5.1 Parametric Design of Shield Structure
		5.2 Optimization Method Based on BP Neural Network
		5.3 Optimization Model and Result Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References