The Prevention of Oral Disease

Contents......Page 12
Plate Section......Page 288
List of authors......Page 13
1 Oral health in the twenty first century......Page 16
A World Health Organization perspective......Page 18
Clinical governance, evidence-based dentistry......Page 19
References......Page 20
2 Diet and dental caries......Page 22
The systemic effect of diet on the aetiology of dental caries......Page 24
Post eruptive effect of diet on the development of dental caries: is intake of dietary sugars still an important cause of dental caries?......Page 26
Is dental caries related to the frequency of sugars intake or the amount consumed?......Page 35
Are some sugars more cariogenic than others?......Page 36
Does fluoride eliminate the sugars/caries relationship?......Page 37
Do starches cause dental caries?......Page 38
Novel carbohydrates and dental caries risk......Page 39
Does fruit cause dental caries?......Page 40
Factors in the diet that protect against dental caries......Page 42
Non-sugars sweeteners......Page 44
Political issues in relation to diet and dental health......Page 46
Conclusions......Page 48
References......Page 49
3 Fluorides and dental caries......Page 50
Fluoride 1890–1930......Page 52
Fluoride in water......Page 53
Is artificial fluoridation as effective as natural fluoridation?......Page 55
Secular changes in fluoride areas......Page 58
Fluoridation and the law......Page 59
Why advocate dietary fluoride supplements?......Page 60
Fluoridized salt and milk......Page 61
Developments in fluoride toothpastes......Page 63
Additional therapeutic agents......Page 66
Are topical fluorides effective?......Page 67
What about dental fluorosis?......Page 69
Reports from the World Health Organization......Page 70
References......Page 74
4 Microbiological aspects of caries prevention......Page 76
Introduction......Page 78
Oral streptococci......Page 79
Dental plaque as a biofilm......Page 81
Replacement therapy......Page 85
Inhibition of mutans streptococci......Page 86
Caries vaccines......Page 87
References......Page 89
5 Managing caries in enamel......Page 92
The carious process and the carious lesion......Page 94
Caries risk assessment......Page 95
Histopathological features of enamel caries......Page 97
Diagnosis of enamel caries......Page 100
A defining moment clinically......Page 102
Caries management......Page 103
References......Page 110
6 Prevention of pulpal and periapical disease......Page 112
Aetiology of apical periodontitis......Page 114
Epidemiology of apical periodontitis......Page 116
Natural defences against the oral environment......Page 117
Preventing pulp injury in operative dentistry......Page 119
Preserving injured pulps......Page 122
Prevention of apical periodontitis after pulpal breakdown......Page 124
Preventing apical periodontitis after root canal treatment......Page 125
References and further reading......Page 126
7 Tooth wear: aetiology, prevention, clinical implication......Page 128
Epidemiology of tooth wear......Page 130
Aetiological factors......Page 132
How can we prevent tooth wear?......Page 135
Clinical implications......Page 136
References......Page 137
8 The prevention and control of periodontal disease......Page 138
How does periodontal disease progress?......Page 140
Who is affected by periodontal disease?......Page 141
Trends, outcomes, and influences......Page 143
What causes periodontal disease?......Page 144
Factors that increase the risk of periodontal disease......Page 146
Periodontal health education......Page 147
Cleaning between the teeth......Page 149
Tooth-cleaning–How often should we and how often do we?......Page 150
Chemicals that can help to reduce plaque formation......Page 151
Professional cleaning......Page 154
Preventive programmes–the classic studies......Page 155
References......Page 158
9 Prevention of dental trauma......Page 160
Epidemiology......Page 162
Primary prevention......Page 163
Secondary prevention......Page 168
References......Page 169
10 Prevention of malocclusion......Page 170
Aetiology of malocclusion......Page 172
Interceptive measures......Page 174
Tooth anomalies......Page 176
References......Page 178
11 Prevention of oral mucosal disease......Page 180
Infections......Page 182
Lifestyle issues in preventing oral mucosal disease......Page 184
Mucositis......Page 188
Preventing mucosal disease through nutrition......Page 191
Preventing immunologically-mediated and other disorders......Page 196
References......Page 199
12 Prevention in the ageing dentition......Page 202
How does the oral environment change with age?......Page 204
Population trends in the oral health of older people: the rise of the dentate older adult......Page 205
What could be achieved with older adults’ oral health?......Page 209
What will limit the ability to achieve a functional natural dentition for life?......Page 211
Preventing dental disease in the elderly: root caries......Page 214
Preventing dental disease in the elderly: tooth wear......Page 219
References......Page 221
13 Impairment–preventing a disability......Page 224
Impairment–general and dental......Page 226
Dental status......Page 227
Issues surrounding optimal oral health for people with disabilities......Page 228
Preventing oral disease–practical aspects......Page 229
References......Page 234
14 The prevention of social inequalities in oral health......Page 236
Introduction......Page 238
What causes social inequalities in health?......Page 240
The international perspective......Page 242
How is deprivation measured?......Page 243
Deprivation and oral health......Page 245
The prevention of social inequalities in oral health......Page 252
References......Page 255
15 Oral health promotion and policy......Page 256
The need for an ‘upstream approach’......Page 258
Definitions of health promotion......Page 259
The dominant philosophy, primary health care and health promotion......Page 260
An integrated common risk/health factor approach......Page 261
Settings for oral health promotion action......Page 265
Public health approaches to caries and periodontal disease prevention......Page 268
Practical examples of oral health promotion using the CRHFA and Ottawa Charter......Page 269
Conclusions......Page 270
References......Page 271
16 Developing the concept of prevention–evidence-based dentistry......Page 274
Trends in edentulousness......Page 276
Impact of evidence-based dentistry on clinical practice......Page 278
Organization of services–clinical governance......Page 281
References......Page 282
D......Page 284
M......Page 285
R......Page 286
Z......Page 287