The Portuguese Massacre of Wiriyamu in Colonial Mozambique, 1964-2013

Cover
Half-title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Preface
	The road map
	The limits of this endeavor
Acknowledgments
List of Illustrations and Maps
1. Introduction
	Exile politics and diplomacy
	The framing of the narrative
2. Literature Review
	Written sources and their limits
	The war and Wiriyamu in Portuguese sources
	Church and other public records
	Affirmative literature on the massacres
	Wiriyamu from two perspectives
	Texts on denial and doubts
	Fictional narratives: Two works examined
3. Oral Research
	The trial run
	The false start
	The work on site
	Interviews off site
	The final push
4. The Nationalist Struggle and the Colonial War in Mozambique
	Geography, war, and Wiriyamu
	Formative leadership
	Nationalist diplomacy, internal dissent, and deaths
	Portuguese counter-insurgency and the changing of the guard
	The role of water in Tete’s warfare
	Wiriyamu at a point of no return
5. The Church in Tete
	Bishop Resende and the shortage of priests
	Portugalization and its impact on the Church
	Church–State relations in Unkanha
	The conflict over burials
	FRELIMO’s courtship of priests
6. The Church and Mass Violence
	Missionaries and mass violence
	Parish responses to the liberation struggle
	The missionary protest against silence
	The Burgos priests and the massacre at Mucumbura
	Portuguese reprisals
	Mucumbura priests are sent to prison
7. The Wiriyamu Narrative: Genesis and Revelation
	The origins of the Wiriyamu story
	Wiriyamu travels overseas
	The labyrinth behind the publication
8. Portuguese Reaction to the Public Narrative
	Of denials and dismissals
	The response from The London Times and The Sunday Times group
	Understanding the Portuguese volte-face
9. Wiriyamu before the Massacre
	Wiriyamu and the destroyers
	The Wiriyamu triangle in structural perspective
	Creeks, rivers, and puddles
	The spirit world and the rainmakers
	Village life
	Cattle barons and the poor
	The final days
10. The Anatomy of the Wiriyamu Massacre
	Sadism and fire at Chaworha
	Juawu’s swift disappearance
	Wiriyamu’s demise and Melo’s act of mercy
	Djemusse in flames before dark
	A tally of the numbers killed
11. Conclusion
Tables
	1. Attesters to Wiriyamu
	2. Wiriyamu triangle, population census, 1970–2007
	3. Djemusse population census, 1972 estimates
	4. Wiriyamu population census, 1972 estimates
	5. Juawu population census, 1972 estimates
	6. Riachu population census, 1972 estimates
	7. Chaworha population census, 1972 estimates
	8. List of the dead in Djemusse, December 16, 1972
	9. List of the dead in Wiriyamu, December 16, 1972
	10. List of the dead in Juawu, December 16, 1972
	11. List of the dead in Chaworha, December 16, 1972
	12. List of the dead in the triangle, unspecified locations, December 16, 1972
Bibliography
	Portuguese manuscript collection: Torre do Tombo
	British manuscript collection: Foreign and Commonwealth Office
	Frelimo ephemera and Maputo-based oral sources
	Missionary ephemera, IEME: Instituto Español de Misiones Extranjeras, Madrid
	Interviews, fieldnotes, and tape recordings
	Articles, The London Times
	Articles, The London Sunday Times
	Articles, Africa Report
	Books, miscellaneous articles, periodicals, and reports
Index