The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe

Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 25
1 Introduction......Page 30
What is politics of language?......Page 36
Where is Central Europe?......Page 40
The states of Central Europe......Page 43
On the similarity between the concepts of nation and language......Page 52
The normative isomorphism of language, nation, and state......Page 58
Languages and politics in an historical perspective......Page 66
Social scientists, nationalism, and languages......Page 71
From languages to nations......Page 73
From linguistic nations to linguistic nation-states......Page 80
The normative isomorphism of language, nation, and state, today......Page 85
2 Language in Central Europe: An Overview......Page 91
Beginnings......Page 92
The German language or languages? The first Central European vernacular made a written language......Page 102
Latin: From lingua franca to 'dead language'......Page 115
The Czech language......Page 128
The Polish language......Page 137
The Magyar language......Page 150
The Slovak language......Page 160
Official languages in Central Europe......Page 165
Central European literacies......Page 168
3 The Broader Linguistic and Cultural Context of Central Europe......Page 178
From Church Slavonic to Ruthenian......Page 179
The Russian language......Page 187
What is in the name of a language?......Page 193
Belarusian and Ukrainian......Page 196
Lithuanian......Page 209
Latvian and Estonian......Page 221
Romanian, Moldovan, and other East Romance languages......Page 230
From Slavic to Croatian and Serbian to Serbo-Croatian to Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian......Page 246
Albanian......Page 269
Macedonian......Page 275
Greek......Page 284
Turkish, Gagauz, Tatar, and Karaim......Page 293
Bulgarian......Page 305
Slovenian......Page 317
Sorbian......Page 330
Hebrew and Aramaic......Page 336
Yiddish......Page 340
Ladino......Page 346
Armenian......Page 349
Romani......Page 356
Esperanto......Page 364
Script variants, alphabets, and politics......Page 370
The advent of nationalism......Page 394
4 The Polish Case: From Natio to Nation......Page 396
The Polish language and nationalism in partitioned Poland-Lithuania......Page 397
Encyclopedias and politics......Page 435
The rise of the Polish nation-state......Page 437
Polish or Lekhitic?......Page 445
Orthography and politics......Page 447
Estates politics......Page 460
Language enters politics......Page 463
Magyar: From codification to official language......Page 468
Magyarization and the rise of national minorities......Page 476
The War of Independence......Page 482
Magyar: The state language......Page 485
The mythologization of language in the interest of the nation......Page 501
6 The Czech Case: From the Bohemian Slavophone Populus to Czech Nationalism and the Czechoslovak Nation......Page 510
Estates politics......Page 511
Language enters politics......Page 518
Landespatriotismus, Czech nationalism, and Pan-Slavism......Page 524
Toward Czechoslovakia......Page 539
Development of nation equates language development......Page 542
Czechoslovakism......Page 547
7 The Slovak Case: From Upper Hungary's Slavophone Populus to Slovak Nationalism and the Czechoslovak Nation......Page 551
Imagining Slovakia and the Slovaks......Page 552
Which Slovak language for which Slovak nation?......Page 560
Slovak nationalism and Magyarization......Page 576
Czechoslovakism......Page 586
The difficult birth of standard Slovak......Page 591
The triumph of the national......Page 598
8 The Polish Nation: From a Multiethnic to an Ethnically Homogenous Nation-State......Page 602
The emergence of Poland and linguistic nationalism......Page 605
Language politics in interwar Poland......Page 616
Polish: From a minority to hegemonic language......Page 627
World War II: Polish is a minority language once again......Page 638
The unprecedented monopoly of Polish in communist Poland......Page 649
The national communist monolith cracks: From the end of communism to Poland's accession to the European Union......Page 657
9 The Hungarian Nation: From Hungary to Magyarország......Page 674
The Magyar and Polish cases compared......Page 677
The shock of Trianon......Page 681
Interwar Hungary......Page 692
Magyar: From the imperial to national language......Page 696
Communist Hungary: Magyar is a small language again......Page 717
The end of communism: Rediscovering the world and Greater Hungary?......Page 735
10 The Czech Nation: Between Czechoslovak and Czech Nationalism......Page 743
In search of the Czechoslovak nation......Page 748
Again: The twilight of German-Czech bilingualism......Page 793
Czechoslovakia: A home to two nations?......Page 800
No name: The Czech nation-state......Page 816
11 The Slovak Nation: From Czechoslovakia to Slovakia......Page 832
National myths and the Slovak vision of the Slovak past......Page 834
Interwar Czechoslovakia: The Slovak renaissance and Czech domination......Page 849
The first Slovak independence: A brief prelude of Slovak monolingualism......Page 880
The return of Slovak-Czech bilingualism......Page 890
Confusing names: Slovakia independent again......Page 912
The Central European languages and nationalisms in the long 19th century......Page 934
The languages and nation-states of Central Europe in the short 20th century......Page 948
Notes......Page 985
Bibliography......Page 1023
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