The Political Economy Of The BRICS Countries (In 3 Volumes)

Volume 1 : BRICS: The Quest for Inclusive Growth
	Contents
	Preface
	About the Editors-in-Chief
	About the Editors
	About the Contributors
	Introduction
	Chapter 1 BRICS: The Political Economy of Non-Inclusive Growth
		Introduction
		Domestic Stability and International Influence
		Initial Growth Paths
		Persisting Social and Economic Inequalities
		Corruption and Political Capture
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2 Future of BRICS as an Economic Block: Does Macroeconomic Heterogeneity and Unshared Political Mandate Stand in Its Way?
		Introduction
		Size of the BRICS Economies and Their Growth Trajectory
		Macroeconomic Policies in BRICS
			Monetary Policies
			Exchange Rate Regime
			Fiscal Policies
		Foreign Trade
		Future of BRICS Cooperation
		Concluding Observations
		References
	Chapter 3 China’s and India’s Economic Performance After the Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis
		Introduction
		Section 1: Concerns About Quality of Macroeconomic Data
		Section 2: Policy and Performance After the Financial Crisis
			China
			Composition of Debt
			Rising Real Estate Prices
			India
		Section 3: A Comparison between China and India
			Similarities
			Differences
		Section 4: Summary and Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Appendix 1: China’s Economic Indicators (Source: IMF’s country report, 2016).
		Appendix 2: India’s Economic Indicators
		References
	Chapter 4 Inter-Group Disparities in Growing Economies: India Among the BRICS
		Introduction
		Why Between-Group Inequality
		Issues in Measurement
		Data and Results
		India Among the BRICS
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5 Inequality and Poverty in India and Brazil Since the 1990s: A Comparative Analysis
		Introduction
		Inequality and Poverty in India Since the Onset of Economic Reforms
		Brazil in the Age of a Second Democratization
		Comparison and Explanations
		Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6 Sustainable Development and BRICS: Unity Amid Diversity?
		Introduction
		Environmental Issues, the Nation State, and BRICS
		BRICS: The Emerging Superstars of Growth
		What the Data Suggest
		China
		India
		Brazil
		Russia
		South Africa
		Is BRICS Important at All?
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 7 Universal Health Coverage in BRICS: What India Can Learn from the BRICS Experience?
		Introduction
		Understanding UHC in BRICS Countries: A Framework
		Health Status and Disease Burden in BRICS
		Progress Towards UHC: Selected Indicators
			Access to Primary and Basic Care
			Financial Protection
			Financing for UHC
		Enabling Environment: Governance and Reforms
			Governance
			Health Sector Reforms
			Brazil
			China
			Russia
			South Africa
			India
		UHC in BRICS: Takeaways for India
			What Lessons Can India Draw from These Experiences?
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 8 Inclusive Finance: India Through the BRICS Lens
		Introduction
		Inclusive Finance: Philosophy, Rationale, and Process
		Cross-Country Experience
			Financial Access and Use
			Mobile Money
			Barriers to Financial Inclusion
			Alternative Sources of Borrowings
			Determinants of Financial Inclusion
		Financial Crisis and Financial Inclusion
		Emerging Areas of Focus
			Gender and Financial Inclusion
			Technology and Financial Inclusion
			New Institutional Initiatives
			Government-to-Person (G2P) Payments
			Financial Literacy and Customer Protection
		Central Banks and Financial Inclusion
		Concluding Remarks
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 9 Gender, Education, and Programma Bolsa Familia in Brazil
		Introduction
		Historical Antecedents of the Racial Issue
		Racial Identity, Women, and Education
		Female Education in Brazil: A Synoptic Overview
		Conditional Cash Transfers and Women’s ‘Empowerment’: Programma Bolsa Familia
		By Way of a Conclusion
		References
	Index
Volume 2 : BRICS and the Global Economy
	Contents
	Editor’s Note and Acknowledgments
	About the Editors-in-Chief
	About the Editor
	About the Contributors
	Introduction
		From BRIC to BRICS: Origins and Evolution
		Beyond BRICS
		Conceptualizations: BRICS as Emerging Markets and Rising Powers (with Rajeev Arumugam, Manali Kumar, and Florian Winkler)
			BRICS as Rising Powers
		Organization of the Volume
			Understanding the BRICS Phenomenon
			Regionalism and Foreign Aid
			Investment and Finance
			Climate Negotiations and Energy Governance
			Representation, Fragmentation, and Legitimacy
		References
	Part I Understanding the BRICS Phenomenon
		Chapter 1 Brazil as a BRICS Country
			Introduction
			Brazil and the WTO
				The Role of International Trade in the Brazilian Path toward a “Critical Transition” (1995−2015)
				Brazilian Assertiveness in the WTO
				Brazil’s Strong Preference for Multilateralism
			Concluding Remarks
			References
		Chapter 2 Russia in Global Economic Governance
			Introduction
			Russia and Global Governance: The WTO
			Russia and Regional Governance: The EAEU
			Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 3 India and Global Governance
			Introduction
			India in the BRICS
			India in the Global Governance: An Assessment
			India in the Regional Political Economy
			Rising Power Ambitions and the Domestic Constraints
			Future Prospects
			References
		Chapter 4 China and Global Economic Governance
			Introduction
			Earlier Assessment of China’s Behavior in Global Economic Governance
			Sources of Chinese Behavior
				Socialization and Normative Influences
				Domestic Sources
				Influence of International Institutions
				Toward Two-Way Socialization in International Economic Institutions
			Research Frontiers
				Power and Economic Statecraft
				The Political, Social, and Economic Implications of China’s Economic Ascent
				China’s Emerging Institutional Statecraft and Its Implications for Global Economic Governance
			Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 5 South Africa, BRICS, and Global Governance: How SA Tried to Change the World and Succeeded in Changing Itself
			Introduction
			South Africa as “Another BRIC in the Wall” (Carmody, 2012)
			South Africa as a BRICS Member: From Bridge-Builder to Regional Power
			How Successful Was the BRICS Experiment?
			Conclusion
			Want to Know More?
			References
	Part II Regionalism and Foreign Aid
		Chapter 6 Emerging Economies — But Regional Powers? The BRICS and Regionalism
			Introduction
			Towards a Regional Leadership?
				Brazil: Post-Hegemonic Regionalism
				Russia: Competitive Regionalism
				India: Selfish Regionalism
				China: Regionalism with “Chinese Characteristics”
				South Africa: Self-Interested Regionalism
			Same Same But Different: Explaining BRICS’ Role as Regional Powers
				Power-Based Approaches
				(Economic) Interdependence
				Regime Type and Domestic Politics
			Conclusions: From Regional Powers to Global Leaders?
			References
		Chapter 7 BRICS and Foreign Aid
			Introduction
			What Is Different About BRICS Aid?
			Brazil
			Russia
			India
			China
			South Africa
			Conclusions
			References
	Part III Investment and Finance
		Chapter 8 BRICS and the Global Investment Regime
			Introduction
			BRICS and the Global Investment Regime: An Overview
				South Africa
				Brazil
				Russia
				India
				China
			BRICS and the Global Investment Regime: Convergence, Divergence and Research Frontiers
				Balancing Interests as FDI Recipients and Senders
				Domestic Political Institutions
				Bringing Interests and Institutions Together
			Conclusion: Implications for the Future of the Global Investment Regime
			References
		Chapter 9 Exchange Rate Policies of the BRICS
			Introduction
			Global Trends and Stylized Facts
			Exchange Rate Policies of the BRICS
				Brazil
				Russia
				India
				China
				South Africa
			Convergence and Divergence in the Exchange Rate Policy of the BRICS
			Explanation
				Choice of Exchange Rate Regime
				Exchange Rate Valuation
				Moving Forward: Advancing the “Third Generation” Research Agenda
			References
		Chapter 10 He Who Pays the Piper Calls the Tune: And the “Relocation of the World’s Credit Rating Center” Goes To?
			Introduction
			The Status Quo
				Criticism of “Big Three” Driving Calls for “Own” CRA
				The Persistence of the CRA Oligopoly
			The Case of the Chinese CRA Industry
				Overview: From Ornament to Systemic Relevance?
				Major Players
			“American-ness” of CRAs Our Problem — Chinese and/or BRICS Rating Agency the Solution?
				The Presumptive US Home Bias of the “Big Three”
				“American-ness” of CRAs Our Problem, Really?
			Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 11 Treaty Shopping and Unintended Consequences: BRICS in the International System
			Introduction
			The BRICS and Treaty Shopping in an Interdependent World
				The Role of Firms: MNCs and Law Firms
			Convergence and Divergence among EMEs and BRICS
				Russia
				China: Treaty Shopping in Arbitration and Taxation
				India: Limiting Taxation “Round Tripping”
				Pushback from the BRICS and Around the World: India, South Africa, and Brazil
				Examples from Other Emerging Markets
			Research Frontiers
			Conclusion
			References
	Part IV Climate Negotiations and Energy Governance
		Chapter 12 BRICS in the International Climate Negotiations
			Introduction
			Emerging Powers within the UNFCCC: BRICS, BASIC or just China?
				The Emergence of BASIC
				Russia: The Outlier Within BRICS
				Assessing the Strength of BRICS Member Countries in the UNFCCC Negotiations
				India: Principled Approach to UNFCCC Negotiations
				China — Rising Negotiation Star
				Brazil and South Africa — Playing Bridging Roles
			Where BASIC Is Challenging the Established Players
			Own Challenges and Inconsistencies Within the BASIC Group
			Whither BRICS in the International Climate Negotiations? Convergence, Divergence, and Research Frontiers
			References
		Chapter 13 The BRICS, Energy Security, and Global Energy Governance
			Introduction
			Trends and Shifts in Energy Markets: Supply, Demand and Energy Transitions
				Energy Transitions Among the BRICS
			The BRICS and Energy Governance
				Contentious Issues Among the BRICS
				The BRICS and Advanced Industrial Countries
				Relations Between the BRICS and Other Developing Countries
			The BRICS and the International Political Economy of Energy: Convergence, Divergence, and Research Frontiers
			Conclusion
			References
	Part V Representation, Fragmentation, and Legitimacy
		Chapter 14 BRICS and the International Financial Institutions: Voice and Exit
			Introduction
			BRICS and the IFIs: Voice and Exit
			Voice
				Discontent with Governance Structures
				Reforming the Quota Formula in 2008
				Voicing Discontent with Key Policies
			Explanations
				Credible Threat of Exit
				Institutional Factors
				Negotiation Strategies
				2008 Financial Crisis
			Pathways to Exit?
				Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
				The New Development Bank (NDB)
				Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA)
			Explanations
				Institutional Gap
				Slow Reform at the IMF/WB
				Chinese Ambitions
			Challenges to the US-Led Order
			New Research Frontiers on BRICS and IFIs
			References
		Chapter 15 The Representation of BRICS in Global Economic Governance: Reform and Fragmentation of Multilateral Institutions
			Introduction
			Representation Conflicts in Global Economic Governance
			Informal Economic Policy Coordination: The G7/G20
				Representation Conflict
				Institutional Outcomes
			International Trade: The WTO
				Representation Conflict
				Institutional Outcomes
			International Financial Stability: The IMF
				Representation Conflict
				Institutional Outcome
			Development Finance: The World Bank
				Representation Conflict
				Institutional Outcome
			Conclusion and Future Research
			Acknowledgements
			References
	Index
Volume 3 : Political Economy of Informality in BRIC Countries
	Contents
	Editor’s Note and Acknowledgments
	About the Editors-in-Chief
	About the Editor
	About the Contributors
	Chapter 1 Introduction: Political Economy Approaches to Informality and Recent Trends in BRIC Countries
		Why (The Politically Economy of) Informality in BRIC Matters
		Social and Economic Realizations of Informality
		Political Economy Approaches to Informality
		Overview of the Volume
		References
	PART I Tax Revenue, Globalization, and Informality in BRIC Countries
		Chapter 2 A Comparative Analysis of Tax System in the BRICs and the Challenges Ahead: Informality and the Fiscal Contract
			Introduction
			National and International Hindrances to Taxation and Informality
			Taxation and Informality in the BRIC
				Tax Revenue and Economic Development: Placing the BRIC in Their Geographical and Historical Contexts
				The Tax Structure in the BRIC
			Challenges in the BRIC: Informality, Capacity, and the Social Contract
				Firms
				Citizens
			Conclusion: The Challenge of BRIC and Understanding the Informality on Taxation
			Appendix
			References
		Chapter 3 Is Informal Work Eroding Compliance?
			Introduction
			Informality: Concept Clarification and Measurement Issues
			Tax Compliance: The Classical “Umbrella” for Informality
			Theoretical Considerations
				Voluntary and Involuntary Entry into the Informal Labor Market
				Involuntary Informality, Responsibility Attribution and Disenchantment
			Discussion and Conclusions
			References
		Chapter 4 Can Tax Aid Broaden the Base? International Assistance, Taxation, and the Informal Sector in the BRICs
			Introduction
			Taxation and Informality in the BRICs
			International Tax Aid in the BRICs
			The Impact of Tax Aid on Revenue and Informality in the BRICs
			Conclusion
			References
	PART II Informal Settlements and Basic Service Provision
		Chapter 5 Social Capital, Leadership Accountability, and Public Services in the Slums of India
			Introduction
			Theoretical Framework
				Fundamental Rationale: Social Capital and Agency
				Voting as a Social Experience
				Slum Leaders and Brokerage Roles
				Hypotheses
			Empirical Analysis
				Description of Relevant Variables from Survey Questions
			Results
			Concluding Remarks
				Policy Implications
				Future Research
			Appendix
			References
		Chapter 6 Informal Electricity Consumption and Political Regimes: Implications for Political Change in BRIC Countries
			Introduction
			Economic Cycles and the Demand for Irregular Electricity Access
			Political Regimes and Informal Insurance
			Descriptive Evidence from Developing Countries and the BRICs
			Concluding Remarks
			References
	PART III Labor Market Informality, Mobilization, and Preferences
		Chapter 7 How the Labor Force is Mobilized: Patterns in Informality, Political Networks, and Political Linkages in Brazil
			Introduction
			How the Labor Force is Mobilized
			Defining and Measuring Informality
			The Changing Patterns of Informality in Brazil
			Data and Method
				Brazilian Census Data
				Brazilian Electoral Panel Study
				Empirical Approach
			Informality and Political Mobilization in Brazil
				Gender and Informality
				Evaluating Changes in Local Informality
			Conclusion
			Appendix
				A.1 Gender and Informality
				A.2 Alternative Participation Outcome Measures
				A.3 BEPS 2014 Analysis
			References
		Chapter 8 Redistributive Preferences in Contemporary Brazil
			Introduction
			Literature
				Redistributive Preferences in Latin America
			The Brazilian Case and Hypotheses
			Research Design
				Data Sources and Variables
				Methods of Analysis
			Findings
				Cross-National Evidence and Profiles of Redistributive Preferences
				Determinants of Redistributive Preferences
			Conclusions
			Acknowledgments
			Appendix
			References
		Chapter 9 Understanding Informality in China: Institutional Causes and Subsequent Measurement Issues
			Introduction
			Definition of Labor Informality
				Labor Informality in Latin America
				The Cause: Development Strategy and Social Insurance
				The Consequence: Measures and Trends of Labor Informality in Latin America
			Chinese Labor Informality in Historical Perspective
				Labor Informality in the Early Market Reform Era (~1990s): The Growth of the Informal Sector
				Labor Informality in the Market Reform Era (mid-1990s to early 2000s): Labor Informality’s Contagion to Formal Sector
				Labor Informality in the 2010s: The Emergence of Dispatch Workers
				Labor Informality and the Revision of the Labor Contract Law in 2013
			Measuring the Size of Labor Informality in China
				The Difficulty of Measuring Chinese Labor Informality
				Estimates from Official Statistics Using the Residual Methods
				Estimates from Survey Data
				A Snapshot of Chinese Labor Informality in the 2010s
			Conclusion and Implications
			References
		Chapter 10 Insiders, Outsiders, and the Politics of Employment Protection: Insights from the Brazilian Case
			Introduction
			Employment Protection Rules, Dualization, and Labor Market Preferences
				Dualization in Developed Nations
				Labor Informality in Developing Countries
			Empirical Evidence for Insider–Outsider Models of Politics
				Preferences for Labor Market Policies
				Insider–Outsider Political Behavior
				Challenges to the Insider–Outsider Model
			Labor Market Preferences and Insider–Outsider Politics in Brazil
				Individual Employment Protection Legislation in Brazil and Labor Market Outcomes
				Labor Market Preferences and Workers’ Political Polarization
				Discussion
			Concluding Remarks
			References
		Chapter 11 Conclusions
	Index