The Political Economy of Lobbying: Channels of Influence and their Regulation (Studies in Public Choice, 43)

Contents
Introduction
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Theoretical Background: Politico-Economic Theories of Lobbying
		1.2 Channels of Influence and Their Regulation
		1.3 Lobbying in Selected World Regions
	References
Part I: Theoretical Background
	Lobbying: A Public Choice Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 Group Formation
			2.1 Olson´s Collective Action Argument
			2.2 Endogenous Group Formation
		3 Contributions
			3.1 Influence on Policy
			3.2 Influence on Elections
		4 Informational Lobbying
			4.1 Signaling models
			4.2 Mass Movements
			4.3 Lobbying Agencies
		5 Specific Questions
			5.1 Endogenous Group Formation
			5.2 Lobbying Strategies
				5.2.1 The Channel of Influence
				5.2.2 Lobbying: Alone or Together?
			5.3 Choice of the Policy Instrument
			5.4 Contribution Caps
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Lobbying from the Perspective of Behavioral Political Economy
		1 Introduction
		2 The Behavioral Economics Perspective on Policy Decisions
			2.1 From the Neoclassical to the Behavioral Economic Approach
			2.2 The Behavioral Economic Theory of Politics
		3 Starting Points for Behaviorally Economically Motivated Interest Policy
			3.1 Lobbying Addressees
			3.2 Influencing Risk Perceptions
			3.3 Framing
			3.4 Expressive Behavior and Belief Consumption
			3.5 Where Do We Stand?
		4 Case Studies
			4.1 The Framing Manual
			4.2 The Debate on an Embargo Against Russian Energy Supplies
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Policy Failure and Lobbying
		1 Introduction
		2 Conceptual Approach: Market Failure in the Market for Political Services
			2.1 Policy Failure as Market Failure in the Market for Political Services
			2.2 Monopoly Power in Politics
			2.3 Asymmetric Information
			2.4 Externalities
		3 Lobbying in the Market for Political Services
			3.1 The Influence of Lobbies
			3.2 Money Is Important, but Far from Everything
		4 Reduction of Market Failures in the Market for Political Services
			4.1 Traditional Instruments for More Competition
			4.2 Ideas for New Forms of Competition
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Lobbying and Macroeconomic Development
		1 Introduction
		2 Theories of Special Interest Groups
			2.1 The Logic of Collective Action
			2.2 The Rise and Decline of Nations
		3 Criticism and Discussion of Mancur Olson´s Works
		4 Empirical Literature on Institutional Sclerosis
			4.1 Regression Analytical Studies
			4.2 Case Studies
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Channels of Influence and Their Regulation
	Informational Lobbying
		1 Introduction
		2 Why Transparency Is Not the Solution
		3 The Economics Discipline: Lobbying Is Transactional and Wasteful
			3.1 The Logic of Collective Action
			3.2 An Informational Interlude
			3.3 Policy for Sale
		4 Political Science: Lobbying Is Informational and Functional
			4.1 The Logic of Congressional Action
			4.2 A Sociological Interlude
			4.3 The Reality of Congressional Lobbying
		5 The Solution to the Lobbying Problem Is More Lobbying
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Campaign Finance
		1 Introduction
		2 How Do Democracies Regulate Campaign Finance?
		3 How Transparent Is Campaign Finance Disclosure?
		4 Which Countries Are Studied?
		5 Who Are Campaign Donors and What Motivates Them?
			5.1 Who Donates?
			5.2 What Motivates Donors?
		6 Does Campaign Finance Affect Policy?
			6.1 Older Studies and Critique
			6.2 New Approaches to Study Campaign Finance and Policy
		7 How Does Campaign Finance Affect Elections?
			7.1 Who Receives Campaign Money?
			7.2 Campaign Spending and Election Outcomes
			7.3 Campaign Spending and Other Election Characteristics
		8 What Are Research Frontiers in the Study of Campaign Finance?
		References
	The Revolving Door Phenomenon
		1 Introduction
		2 On the Importance of the Revolving Door Phenomenon
		3 Public-Private Job Transitions
			3.1 Effects during Tenure
			3.2 Effects after Tenure
		4 Private-Public Job Transitions
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Politicians´ Extra-Parliamentary Activities and Lobbying
		1 Introduction
		2 Theory: Competing Principals, Conflicts of Interest, and Scarce Resources
		3 Empirics
			3.1 Extent and Impact of Sideline Activities
			3.2 Secondary Activities and Exertion of Influence
		4 The Regulation of Sideline Activities and its Limits
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Lobbying through Gifts
		1 Introduction
		2 Drivers of Gift Effects
			2.1 Differentiation between Strategical and Non-Strategical Drivers
			2.2 Non-Strategical Drivers
			2.3 Strategical Drivers
		3 Strengthening Factors: The Mechanisms of Gift Effects
			3.1 Benefit of a Gift for the Recipient
			3.2 Cost of the Gift for the Gift Giver
			3.3 Signals to Stand Close to the Recipient
			3.4 Evoking Favorable Norms
		4 Weakening Factors: Inhibiting Self-Deception
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Commercial Lobbying Firms: Lobbying as Business
		1 Introduction
		2 Special Interests and Policymakers
			2.1 Contributions in Exchange for Policies
			2.2 Information Acquisition and Transmission
			2.3 Scarce Access and Lobbying as Legislative Subsidies
		3 Lobbyists: Expertise and Relationships
			3.1 Intermediation and Rewards
			3.2 Relationship Market
			3.3 Revolving Door
		4 Commercial Lobbying: Lobbyists and Firms
			4.1 Trends in Reported Lobbying
			4.2 Lobbying Firms
			4.3 In-House Vs. Commercial Lobbyists: Connections and Expertise
		5 Principal-Agent Problems and Commercial Lobbying
			5.1 Lobbyists and Policymakers
			5.2 Lobbyists and Special Interests
		6 Conclusion
		References
	The Evolution of Modern Democracy as a Process of Constitutional Lobbying
		1 Introduction
		2 The Evolution of Power-Sharing Structures
			2.1 Magna Carta Libertatum
			2.2 The Glorious Revolution
			2.3 Power Sharing as an Institutionalized Commitment Device
		3 Extending the Franchise
			3.1 Explaining Democratization
			3.2 A Simple Model of Democratization
		4 Self-Enforcing Democracy
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Lobbying and Trade Protection
		1 Introduction
		2 Distributional Effects of Trade Policy and Lobbying Interests
		3 Trade Policy and Lobbying Influence Using the Example of the USA
			3.1 Legal Framework of U.S. Trade Policy
			3.2 Trade Policy Lobbying in the USA
		4 Trade Policy and Lobbying Influence Using the EU as an Example
			4.1 Legal Framework of EU Trade Policy
			4.2 Trade Policy Lobbying in the EU
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Lobbying in Selected World Regions
	Lobbying in the United States
		1 Introduction
		2 Some Background on Some U.S. Political Institutions
		3 Lobbying
			3.1 The U.S. Legal Framework Regulating Political Spending
			3.2 Lobby Expenditures
		4 Campaign Contributions and Independent Expenditures
			4.1 Campaign Contributions and Independent Expenditures: The Legal Framework
			4.2 Disclosure Requirements and Campaign Contribution Limits
			4.3 Campaign Contributions and Independent Expenditures: Dollar Amounts
			4.4 Determinants and Effects of Campaign Contributions
		5 Campaign Expenditures in Candidate Elections: Theory and Evidence
		6 State-Level Campaign Contribution Limits
		7 Campaign Expenditure to Advocate Defeat or Passage of Ballot Measures
		8 Conclusions
		References
	Lobbying in the European Union
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Approaches
		3 The Legal Foundations of Lobbying in the EU
		4 Decision-Making Arenas and Ways of Representing Interests in the Multi-Level System
			4.1 Lobbying at Multiple Levels
			4.2 Policy Venues
				4.2.1 European Commission
				4.2.2 European Parliament
				4.2.3 Council of the European Union and European Council
				4.2.4 Agencies
				4.2.5 Other Institutions and Organs
		5 The EU Lobbying Landscape
		6 Lobbying Strategies
			6.1 Inside and Outside Lobbying
			6.2 Lobbying Alliances
		7 Relative Influence of Different Interest Groups
		8 Conclusion
		References
	Lobbying in Russia
		1 Introduction
		2 Legal Framework
		3 Lobbying and Oligarchy
		4 Lobbying under Authoritarianism
			4.1 State Dependency and Political Influence
			4.2 Business Associations
			4.3 The Exchange Model and Its Limits
		5 Lobbying and Foreign Economic Policy
			5.1 Protectionism
			5.2 Economic Expansionism
			5.3 Economic Statecraft
		6 Lobbying under Sanctions
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Lobbying in China
		1 Introduction
		2 State of Research
		3 Political Lobbying in Formal Institutions
			3.1 Strategic Action in PCs and PCCs
			3.2 ``Strategic Corruption´´ in PCs and PCCs
		4 Lobbying Via Business Associations
			4.1 Regional Differences and Functional Effectiveness
			4.2 Relationships between Governments and Business Associations
			4.3 Business Associations and Collective Action
			4.4 Lobbying and Strategic Action of Extraterritorial Chambers of Commerce
		5 Lobbying, Institutional Change, and Corporate Party Organizations
			5.1 Lobbying and Political/Institutional Change
			5.2 Party Membership and Party Organizations in Private Companies as Lobbying Factors
		6 Informal Lobbying
			6.1 Social Networks
			6.2 Alumni Networks
			6.3 Entrepreneur Clubs
			6.4 Lobbying through ``Connective Action´´
		7 Conclusion
		References