The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment

Geophysical Monograph Series......Page 1
GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES......Page 2
The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 11
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 12
Fridtjof Nansen - Scientist, Diplomat and Humanist......Page 14
1. BACKGROUND......Page 17
1.1 SUliace  Heat Balance......Page 18
1.2 Ocean Overturning......Page 19
2.1 Circulation Features......Page 21
2.2 Eddies and the Variability of  the T/S Structure......Page 25
2.3  Variability  of Shelf-driven Ventilation......Page 29
REFERENCES......Page 30
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 33
The Momentum Equation......Page 34
The Equations for Mass and Concentration......Page 35
Ocean Model Characteristics......Page 36
Specific Ocean Models......Page 38
Partially diagnostic models......Page 39
Prognostic models......Page 40
5. SUMMARY......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 42
INTRODUCTION......Page 44
The Eurasian Basin: Advection and  Interleaving......Page 46
Canadian Basin: Slope Convection and Entrainment......Page 50
Shelf-Slope  Plume  Calculation......Page 52
Inferred  Canadian Basin  Circulation......Page 54
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 56
INTRODUCTION......Page 58
RESULTS......Page 59
DISCUSSION......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 71
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 73
Marine Geochemical Behavior of  Barium......Page 74
Alpha Helix Cruise 166......Page 75
Henry Larson Cruise 92-16......Page 76
4. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE......Page 77
Alpha  Helix  Cruise 166......Page 79
Henry Larson  Cruise 92-16......Page 81
6. SUMMARY......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 85
INTRODUCTION......Page 87
BATHYMETRY AND HYDROGRAPHY......Page 89
DATA AND METHODS......Page 90
WA1ER MASS DISTRIBUTION......Page 91
Arctic Water......Page 93
Bottom Water......Page 95
Surface Water......Page 96
Atlantic-derived Water......Page 97
Cold  Bottom  Water......Page 100
CONCLUSIONS......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 102
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 105
2 THE ALTIMETER MEASUREMENTS AND DATA PROCESSING......Page 107
3.1 Root  Mean Square Anomalies......Page 109
3.3 Geostrophic Currents......Page 111
3.4 Volume Transport......Page 113
3.5 Comparison with In Situ Measurements and Heat Transport Estimates......Page 115
REFERENCES......Page 117
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 119
2. OBSERVATIONS DURING  MIZEX 87......Page 120
2.1. Scene 1: Ice tongues and vortex-pair north  of  78030 N.......Page 124
2.2. Scene 2: Ice tongue and vortex-pair  at 78° 00' N......Page 127
2.3. Scene 3: Southerly jet  and anticyclonic eddy.......Page 128
2.4. Other observations......Page 132
3. NUMERICAL MODEL......Page 133
3.1. Governing Equations......Page 134
4. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS......Page 137
Case 4. Barotropic Jet......Page 138
Case 5. Broader Baroclinic Jet with Flat Bottom......Page 140
Case 7. Upper Layer jet with Flat Bottom......Page 141
4.2. DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSES......Page 142
5. DISCUSSION......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 145
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 147
2. EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS......Page 149
4.1. Structure of the co- tidal and co- range charts......Page 151
4.2. Tidal currents......Page 156
4.3. Tide?ice interaction......Page 157
5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 167
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 169
3.1. Water mass definitions and origins......Page 171
3.2. Distribution of properties along the Filchner-Ronne IceShelf......Page 172
3.3. Distribution of properties on the Berkner shelf......Page 174
4.1 The intrusion of WDE4/ on the Continental Shelf......Page 175
4.2 Indication of  up welling at the Berkner Shelf......Page 176
4.3. Melting rates beneath the ice shelf......Page 177
4.4. Residence times below the ice shelf......Page 179
4.5 Water mass transformations and bottom water formation......Page 180
4.6. Long term variability......Page 182
4.7. Concluding remarks......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 185
INTRODUCTION......Page 187
MATERIAL AND METHODS......Page 188
RESULTS......Page 189
Shelf Waters......Page 191
Deep-Sea:......Page 193
REFERENCES......Page 195
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 197
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL......Page 198
4.1. Standard simulation......Page 200
4.2. Investigation of the ridging parameter RA......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 206
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 208
1.2. Large-Eddy Simulation LES: a Tool to Test Hypotheses......Page 209
2. THERMOBARIC FREE CONVECTION......Page 210
2.1. Large-Eddy-Simulation of Thermally-Driven Deep FreeConvection Without Salinity......Page 211
3. THERMOBARIC CONDITIONAL INSTABILITIES......Page 212
3.1. Parcel Instability Criterion and Large-Eddy Simulation......Page 214
3.2. Layer Instability Criterion: Possible Explanation for Scott and Killworth [1991] Chimneys......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 217
1.1 Background......Page 219
1.3 Winter Processes in the Odden region......Page 220
2.4 The SSMII Ice Edge......Page 221
3.2 Ice Retreat in 1989......Page 222
4.1 A Simple Model of Ice Retreat......Page 225
4.2 Refinements of Odden Behavior......Page 226
52 The Hypothesized Plumes......Page 227
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 228
7. REFERENCES......Page 229
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 231
3. OBSERVATIONS......Page 232
4. RESULTS......Page 234
5. DISCUSSION......Page 240
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 243
INTRODUCTION......Page 245
The Physical Configuration......Page 246
THE APPEARANCE OF A SINGULARITY IN THE MODEL......Page 247
The Modelled Volume Transport......Page 248
The Weddell Sea Continental Slope......Page 249
The Gibraltar Strait......Page 250
The Local Governing Equations......Page 251
Integration of the Local Equations......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 255
4. REALISED RATE OF INCREASE......Page 256
5. EULERIAN AND LAGRANGIAN METHODS......Page 257
7. FEEDBACK BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS......Page 258
8. DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK......Page 259
9. STATUS OF THE SVERDRUP THEORY......Page 260
REFERENCES......Page 261
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 263
2.1. Cruise Description......Page 264
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 265
6. REFERENCES......Page 269
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 271
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS......Page 272
1.1. Biomass Distributions......Page 273
3.2. Primary Productivity......Page 275
3.3. Productivity Calculations......Page 276
4. DISCUSSION......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 280
INTRODUCTION......Page 281
METHOD......Page 282
MERIDIONAL PROFILES IN THE WESTERN AREA......Page 283
ON THE WESTERN SIDE OF THE KERGUELENPLATEAU......Page 288
CONCLUSIONS......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 291
INTRODUCTION......Page 293
AMERASIA BASIN EVOLUTION......Page 296
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY......Page 298
SUMMARY......Page 300
REFERENCES......Page 301
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 303
2. MORPHOLOGY OF THE TRANSITION......Page 304
3. A TEST FOR ABRUPTNESS  OF CHANGE......Page 305
4. THE QUESTION OF CAUSE......Page 307
5. EFFECTS OF TOPOGRAPHIC CHANGES......Page 309
6. BARENTS SEA SHELF AND GLACIATION......Page 310
7. OCEAN CIRCULATION  AND THE  NORWEGIAN SEA......Page 314
9. CONCLUSIONS......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 316
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 320
2. DATA AND METHODS: ESTIMATING FwALL......Page 321
a. The Annual Cycle......Page 322
b. Interannual Variability......Page 324
4. SPATIAL VARIABILITY  OF TRANSIENT EDDY TRANSPORT......Page 329
5. SUMMARY......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 332
INTRODUCTION......Page 333
THE INFLUENCE OF THE OCEANS ON MEAN AIR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THE "OCEAN ATMOSPHERE-LAND SYSTEM"......Page 334
CONTRIBUTION ESTIMATES OF THE FREEZING PROCESS IN THE HEAT BUDGET OF THE ARCTIC BASIN......Page 337
ATLANTIC WATER ROLE IN HEAT AND SALT BUDGET AND IN WATER MASS FORMATION OF THE ARCTIC  OCEAN......Page 339
REFERENCES......Page 341
1. THE ICE THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION......Page 343
2. STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION......Page 346
Current  techniques......Page 348
Possible future techniques......Page 352
Arctic......Page 354
Antarctic......Page 359
Fast ice......Page 361
Moving pack ice......Page 362
Ice edge regions and  convection......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 364
INTRODUCTION......Page 368
DATA PROCESSING......Page 369
Mean and Comparative Ice Statistics......Page 370
Probability Density Function......Page 373
SUMMARY......Page 375
REFERENCES......Page 376
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 377
3.1 Standard run......Page 378
3.2 Sensitivity studies......Page 379
4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 383
REFERENCES......Page 384
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 386
4. SIMULATION RESULTS......Page 387
4.1 Ocean  Circulation Characteristics......Page 389
4.2 Ocean Heat Budget and Ice Mass Balance Characteristics......Page 391
4.3 Seasonal and Interannual Variations of  the Ice  Margin......Page 393
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 397
REFERENCES......Page 399
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 401
2. OBSERVATIONS......Page 402
3. COMPUTATION METHOD  FOR  THE FLUXES......Page 403
4. SOURCES OF INACCURACY IN  FLUX  ESTIMATES......Page 405
5.1. Fluxes over the sea ice......Page 407
5.2. Fluxes over leads and  coastal polynyas......Page 409
5.3. Fluxes over the open ocean  in autumn......Page 410
5.5. Heat flux through ice and snow......Page 412
6. BOWEN RATIO AND SUMMARY  OF THE SURFACE HEAT BALANCE......Page 413
7.1. Calculation of the heat flux from the observed profiles......Page 415
7.2 Case studies......Page 416
8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 417
APPENDIX: EMPIRICAL FORMULAE FOR COMPUTATION OF TURBULENT SURFACE  FLUXES......Page 418
REFERENCES......Page 419
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 422
2.2. The Austral Winter Ice Edge Location......Page 423
3. CLIMATOLOGY AND GEOSAT AUSTRAL WINTER FIELD......Page 425
4. GEOSAT SEASONAL FIELDS FROM 1985 TO 1988......Page 427
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 432
REFERENCES......Page 435
2. LINKING OF NEAR-SURFACE AIR ANDAIR/SNOW INTERFACIAL TEMPERATURES......Page 436
3. LINKING LONGWAVE RADIATION ANDNEAR-SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE......Page 438
4. CONDUCTION AND ATMOSPHERIC TIME SCALES......Page 439
REFERENCES......Page 442
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 444
2 THE REFLEX I CAMPAIGN......Page 445
3.1 Line Scan Camera......Page 446
3.2 Radiation Measurements......Page 447
4.1 Turbulent Vertical Fluxes......Page 448
4.2 Surface Radiation Balance......Page 452
5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 454
REFERENCES......Page 455
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 456
2. REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL AND SEA ICEANALYSES 21-24 MARCH 1992......Page 457
3. SMALL SCALE ICE FEATURES 10 - 100 KM......Page 459
4. REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL AND SEA ICE ANALYSIS 25 - 28 MARCH 1992......Page 460
5. INTERPRETATION OF THE SAR IMAGERY......Page 466
REFERENCES......Page 474
SHORT NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY......Page 475
Heat Flux Calculations......Page 476
RESULTS......Page 477
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS  OF PLUME  FORMATION......Page 480
DISCUSSION......Page 481
CONCLUSIONS......Page 482
REFERENCES......Page 483
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 484
2. DATA COLLECTION......Page 485
3. THERMOHALINE STRUCTURE CONVECTIVE TRANSFORMATION......Page 486
4. THERMOHALINE PARAMETERS TIME SERIES ANALYSIS......Page 491
5. DISCUSSION......Page 493
REFERENCES......Page 495
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 496
3. MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF SEA ICE:FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH......Page 497
4.1. Sea Ice Parameter Retrieval in the Sea of Okhotsk......Page 498
4.2. Sea Ice Thickness Estimation from Low-FrequencyMicrowaves in the Sea of Okhotsk and Chukchi Sea......Page 499
4.3 Active and Passive Microwave Sensing of Fast Ice in the East Siberian Sea......Page 500
4.4. Microwave Studies of Freshwater Ice and Snow:High-Latitude and High-Altitude Case Studies......Page 501
REFERENCES......Page 502
INTRODUCTION......Page 504
ESMR, AND SSMI AND THEIR SEA ICE ALGORITHMS......Page 505
LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR OF THE POLAR SEA ICE COVERS......Page 506
Beaufort Sea Region......Page 508
Canadian Basin Region......Page 512
Chukchi Sea Region......Page 513
REFERENCES......Page 514
3. CLIMATE MODELING......Page 520
6. ACOUSTIC THERMOMETRY OFOCEAN  CLIMATE ATOC......Page 521
REFERENCES......Page 522
Closing Note: A Tribute to Fridtj of  Nansen......Page 523