The Physics of Clinical MR Taught Through Images

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Section I: Hardware
	1: Components of an MR Scanner
		◆	 The Magnet
		◆	 The Transmitting Radiofrequency Coil
		◆	 The Gradients
		◆	 The Receiver Coils
	2: MR Safety: Static Magnetic Field
	3: MR Safety: Gradient Magnetic and Radio-frequency Fields
	4: Radio-Frequency Coils
		◆	 Linearly Polarized Coils
		◆	 Circularly Polarized Coils
		◆	 Transmit and Receive Coils
		◆	 Phased Array (Matrix) Coils
	5: Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 1
	6: Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 2
	7: Open MR Systems
	8: Magnetic Field Effects at 3 T and Beyond
	9: Mid-Field, High-Field, Ultra-High-Field (1.5, 3, 7 T)
	10: Advanced Receiver Coil Design
	11: Advanced Multidimensional RF Transmission Design
Section II: Basic Imaging Physics
	12: Imaging Basics: k-space, Raw Data, Image Data
	13: Image Resolution: Pixel and Voxel Size
	14: Imaging Basics: Signal-to-Noise Ratio
	15: Imaging Basics: Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
	16: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Versus Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
	17: Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Clinical 3 T
		◆	 Field Strength
		◆	 Chemical Shift
		◆	 Through-Plane Resolution
	18: Slice Orientation
	19: Multislice Imaging and Concatenations
	20: Number of Averages
	21: Slice Thickness
	22: Slice Profile
	23: Slice Excitation Order (in Fast Spin Echo Imaging)
	24: Field of View (Overview)
	25: Field of View (Phase Encoding Direction)
	26: Matrix Size: Readout
	27: Matrix Size: Phase Encoding
	28: Partial Fourier
	29: Image Interpolation (Zero Filling)
	30: Specific Absorption Rate
Section III: Basic Image Acquisition
	31: T1, T2, and Proton Density
	32: Calculating T1 and T2 Relaxation Times (Calculated Images)
	33: Spin Echo Imaging
	34: Fast Spin Echo Imaging
	35: Fast Spin Echo: Reduced Refocusing Angle
	36: Driven-Equilibrium Fourier Transformation (DEFT)
	37: Reordering: Phase Encoding
	38: Magnetization Transfer
	39: Half Acquisition Single-Shot Turbo Spin Echo (HASTE)
	40: Spoiled Gradient Echo
	41: Refocused (Steady-State) Gradient Echo
	42: Echo Planar Imaging
	43: Inversion Recovery: Part 1
	44: Inversion Recovery: Part 2
	45: Fluid-Attenuated IR With Fat Saturation (FLAIR FS)
	46: Fat Suppression: Spectral Saturation
	47: Water Excitation, Fat Excitation
	48: Fat Suppression: Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR)
	49: Fat Suppression: Phase Cycling
	50: Fat Suppression: Dixon
	51: 3D Imaging: Basic Principles
	52: Contrast Media: Gadolinium Chelates with Extracellular Distribution
	53: New High-Relaxivity Gd Chelates
	54: Contrast Media: Other Approaches
Section IV: Advanced Image Acquisition
	55: Dual-Echo Steady State (DESS)
	56: Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 1
	57: Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 2
	58: PSIF: The Backward-Running FISP
	59: Constructive Interference in a Steady State (CISS)
	60: TurboFLASH
	61: PETRA (UTE)
	62: 3D Imaging: MP-RAGE
	63: 3D Imaging: SPACE
	64: Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging
	65: Volume Interpolated Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE)
	66: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
	67: Multishot EPI
	68: Diffusion Tensor Imaging
	69: Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Theory
	70: Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Applications
	71: Proton Spectroscopy (Theory)
	72: Proton Spectroscopy (Chemical Shift Imaging)
	73: Simultaneous Multislice
Section V: Flow
	74: Flow Effects: Fast and Slow Flow
	75: Phase Imaging: Flow
	76: 2D Time-of-Flight MRA
	77: 3D Time-of-Flight MRA
	78: Flip Angle, TR, MT, and Field Strength (in 3D TOF MRA)
	79: Phase Contrast MRA
	80: 4D Flow MRI
	81: Advanced Non-Contrast MRA Techniques
	82: Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Basics; Renal, Abdomen
	83: Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Carotid Arteries
	84: Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Peripheral Circulation
	85: Dynamic CE-MRA (TWIST)
	86: Dynamic Susceptibility Perfusion Imaging
	87: Arterial Spin Labeling
Section VI: Tissue-Specific Techniques
	88: Brain Segmentation, Quantitative MR Imaging
	89: Cardiac Morphology
	90: Cardiac Function
	91: Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Perfusion
	92: Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Viability
	93: T1/T2/T2* Quantitative Parametric Mapping in the Heart
	94: MR Mammography: Dynamic Imaging
	95: MR Mammography: Silicone
	96: Hepatic Fat Quantification
	97: Hepatic Iron Quantification
	98: Elastography
	99: Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
	100: Cartilage Mapping
Section VII: Artifacts, Including Those Due to Motion, and the Reduction Thereof
	101: Aliasing
	102: Truncation Artifacts
	103: Motion: Ghosting and Smearing
	104: Motion Reduction: Triggering, Gating, Navigator Echoes
		◆	 Cardiac Triggering
		◆	 Respiratory Gating
		◆	 Navigator Echoes
	105: Abdomen: Motion Correction
	106: BLADE (PROPELLER)
	107: TWIST VIBE
	108: Radial VIBE (StarVIBE)
	109: GRASP
	110: Filtering Images (To Reduce Artifacts)
	111: Geometric Distortion
	112: Chemical Shift: Sampling Bandwidth
	113: Artifacts: Magnetic Susceptibility
	114: Maximizing Magnetic Susceptibility
	115: Artifacts: Metal
	116: Minimizing Metal Artifacts
	117: Gradient Moment Nulling
	118: Spatial Saturation
	119: Shaped Saturation
	120: Advanced Slice/Sub-volume Shimming
	121: Flow Artifacts
Section VIII: Further Improving Diagnostic Quality, Technologic Innovation
	122: Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 1
	123: Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 2
	124: Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 3
	125: Image Composing
	126: Filtering Images (To Improve SNR)
	127: Parallel Imaging: Part 1
	128: Parallel Imaging: Part 2
	129: CAIPIRINHA
	130: Zoomed EPI
	131: Compressed Sensing
	132: Cardiovascular Imaging: Compressed Sensing
	133: Interventional MR
	134: 7 T Brain
	135: 7 T Knee
	136: Continuous Moving Table
	137: Integrated Whole-Body MR-PET
	138: 3D Evaluation: Image Post-processing
		◆	 Multiplanar Reconstruction (MPR)
		◆	 Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP)
		◆	 Surface Rendering
		◆	 Volume Rendering
	139: Automatic Image Alignment
	140: Workflow Optimization
		◆	 Imaging Order and Patient Scheduling
		◆	 Patient and Scan Preparation
		◆	 Image Acquisition
		◆	 Post-processing
Section IX: Recent Innovations
	141: MR Fingerprinting
	142: Simultaneous Multislice (SMS): An Update
	143: Compressed Sensing: An Update
	144: Advanced Low-Field MR: Part 1—Introduction
	145: Advanced Low-Field MR: Part 2—Hardware
		◆	 Magnet and Receiver Coil Technology
		◆	 Gradient Performance
	146: Advanced Low-Field MR: Part 3—Specific Subtopics
		◆	 Image Contrast
		◆	 Simultaneous Multislice
		◆	 Imaging in High-Susceptibility Regions
		◆	 Acoustic Noise
		◆	 Interventional MR
	147: Spiral Imaging
	148: Respiratory Sensing: An Update
	149: GRASP: An Update
	150: Deep Learning: For Imaging Reconstruction
	151: Monitoring Cardiac Contraction: The Pilot Tone
	152: Advocating Low-Field Imaging
	153: The Clinical Strengths of 1.5 T
	154: The Clinical Strengths of 3 T
	155: The Clinical Strengths of 7 T
	156: Low Field: Increasing Clinical Access and Further Dissemination of Healthcare
	157: 1.5 T: Imaging with Metal
	158: 3 T: Focused Musculoskeletal Imaging
	159: 1.5 T vs. 3 T for Cardiac Imaging
	160: 7 T and the Evaluation of Multiple Sclerosis
Acronyms
Index