The physics of clinical MR taught through images

The Physics of Clinical MR Taught Through Images
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Section I. Hardware
	1 Components of an MR Scanner
	2 MR Safety: Static Magnetic Field
	3 MR Safety: Gradient Magnetic and Radiofrequency Fields
	4 Radiofrequency Coils
	5 Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 1
	6 Multichannel Coil Technology: Part 2
	7 Open MR Systems
	8 Magnetic Field Effects At 3 T and Beyond
	9 Mid-Field, High-Field, and Ultra-High-Field (1.5, 3, 7 T)
	10 Advanced Receiver Coil Design
	11 Advanced Multidimensional RF Transmission Design
Section II. Basic Imaging Physics
	12 Imaging Basics: k-space, Raw Data, Image Data
	13 Image Resolution: Pixel and Voxel Size
	14 Imaging Basics: Signal-to-Noise Ratio
	15 Imaging Basics: Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
	16 Signal-to-Noise Ratio versus Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
	17 Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Clinical 3 T
	18 Slice Orientation
	19 Multislice Imaging and Concatenations
	20 Number of Averages
	21 Slice Thickness
	22 Slice Profile
	23 Slice Excitation Order (in Fast Spin Echo Imaging)
	24 Field of View (Overview)
	25 Field of View (Phase Encoding Direction)
	26 Matrix Size: Readout
	27 Matrix Size: Phase Encoding
	28 Partial Fourier
	29 Image Interpolation (Zero Filling)
	30 Specific Absorption Rate
Section III. Basic Image Acquisition
	31 T1, T2, and Proton Density
	32 Calculating T1 and T2 Relaxation Times (Calculated Images)
	33 Spin Echo Imaging
	34 Fast Spin Echo Imaging
	35 Fast Spin Echo: Reduced Refocusing Angle
	36 Driven-Equilibrium Fourier Transformation (DEFT)
	37 Reordering: Phase Encoding
	38 Magnetization Transfer
	39 Half Acquisition Single-Shot Turbo Spin Echo (HASTE)
	40 Spoiled Gradient Echo
	41 Refocused (Steady State) Gradient Echo
	42 Echo Planar Imaging
	43 Inversion Recovery: Part 1
	44 Inversion Recovery: Part 2
	45 Fluid-Attenuated IR with Fat Saturation (FLAIR FS)
	46 Fat Suppression: Spectral Saturation
	47 Water Excitation, Fat Excitation
	48 Fat Suppression: Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR)
	49 Fat Suppression: Phase Cycling
	50 Fat Suppression: Dixon
	51 3D Imaging: Basic Principles
	52 Contrast Media: Gadolinium Chelates with Extracellular Distribution
	53 Contrast Media: Gd Chelates with Improved Relaxivity
	54 Contrast Media: Other Agents (Non-Gadolinium)
Section IV. Advanced Image Acquisition
	55 Dual-Echo Steady State (DESS)
	56 Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 1
	57 Balanced Gradient Echo: Part 2
	58 PSIF: The Backward-Running FISP
	59 Constructive Interference in a Steady State (CISS)
	60 TurboFLASH
	61 PETRA (UTE)
	62 3D Imaging: MP-RAGE
	63 3D Imaging: SPACE
	64 Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging
	65 Volume Interpolated Breath-Hold Examination (VIBE)
	66 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
	67 Multi-Shot EPI
	68 Diffusion Tensor Imaging
	69 Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Theory
	70 Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) Imaging: Applications
	71 Proton Spectroscopy (Theory)
	72 Proton Spectroscopy (Chemical Shift Imaging)
	73 Simultaneous Multislice
Section V. Flow
	74 Flow Effects: Fast and Slow Flow
	75 Phase Imaging: Flow
	76 2D Time-of-Flight MRA
	77 3D Time-of-Flight MRA
	78 Flip Angle, TR, MT, and Field Strength (in 3D TOF MRA)
	79 Phase Contrast MRA
	80 4D Flow MRI
	81 Advanced Non-Contrast MRA Techniques
	82 Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Basics; Renal, Abdomen
	83 Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Carotid Arteries
	84 Contrast-Enhanced MRA: Peripheral Circulation
	85 Dynamic CE-MRA (TWIST)
	86 Dynamic Susceptibility Perfusion Imaging
	87 Arterial Spin Labeling
Section VI. Tissue-Specific Techniques
	88 Brain Segmentation, Quantitative MR Imaging
	89 Cardiac Morphology
	90 Cardiac Function
	91 Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Perfusion
	92 Cardiac Imaging: Myocardial Viability
	93 T1/T2/T2* Quantitative Parametric Mapping in the Heart
	94 MR Mammography: Dynamic Imaging
	95 MR Mammography: Silicone
	96 Hepatic Fat Quantification
	97 Hepatic Iron Quantification
	98 Elastography
	99 Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
	100 Cartilage Mapping
Section VII. Artifacts, Including Those Due to Motion, and the Reduction Thereof
	101 Aliasing
	102 Truncation Artifacts
	103 Motion: Ghosting and Smearing
	104 Motion Reduction: Triggering, Gating, Navigator Echoes
	105 Abdomen: Motion Correction
	106 BLADE (PROPELLER)
	107 TWIST VIBE
	108 Radial VIBE (StarVIBE)
	109 GRASP
	110 Filtering Images (to Reduce Artifacts)
	111 Geometric Distortion
	112 Chemical Shift: Sampling Bandwidth
	113 Artifacts: Magnetic Susceptibility
	114 Maximizing Magnetic Susceptibility
	115 Artifacts: Metal
	116 Minimizing Metal Artifacts
	117 Gradient Moment Nulling
	118 Spatial Saturation
	119 Shaped Saturation
	120 Advanced Slice/Sub-Volume Shimming
	121 Flow Artifacts
Section VIII. Further Improving Diagnostic Quality, Technologic Innovation
	122 Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 1
	123 Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 2
	124 Faster and Stronger Gradients: Part 3
	125 Image Composing
	126 Filtering Images (to Improve SNR)
	127 Parallel Imaging: Part 1
	128 Parallel Imaging: Part 2
	129 CAIPIRINHA
	130 Zoomed EPI
	131 Compressed Sensing
	132 Cardiovascular Imaging: Compressed Sensing
	133 Interventional MR
	134 7 T Brain
	135 7 T Knee
	136 Continuous Moving Table
	137 Integrated Whole-Body MR-PET
	138 3D Evaluation: Image Post-Processing
	139 Automatic Image Alignment
	140 Workflow Optimization
Section IX. Appendix
	141 Acronyms
Index