The Philosophy of Japanese Wartime Resistance: A Reading, with Commentary, of the Complete Texts of the Kyoto School Discussions of the Standpoint of World History and Japan

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Prologue: the Kyoto School, Confucian revolution and the exhaustion of liberal history
The book in brief and the key research discoveries: the Kyoto School as Kuhnian anomaly
	Overview of the book
	The argument
	Thesis and evidence
	Principal research discoveries and interpretations
	Conclusion
	Notes
Escape clause: essence vs. attribute, or how a translation became a reading
	Heian Chippendale
	Sō ryoku sen: from ‘all-out war’ to ‘world-historical war’
	Notes
Acknowledgements
Japanese usage and style
	Notes
Dramatis personae: intellectual leaders of the Imperial Navy – Kyoto School resistance to Tōjō
	Imperial Navy
	Kyoto School
Essential chronology: the Confucian war of ideas between the Yonai-Kyoto School and Tōjō factions
	Patterns and factions
	Phase I: the rise of the Tōjō
faction and the origins of theYonai-Kyoto School ‘brains trust’ (1937–41)
	Phase II: resisting Tōjō’s policies – the Yonai faction and the genesis of the Chūō Kōron transcripts and The Ōshima Memos (November 1941–June 1942)
	Phase III: the Yonai-Kyoto School faction and the decline of the Tōjō government (June 1942–July 1944)
Texts, conventions and abbreviations
	Notes
Part I
	Introduction and commentary: the prince of our disorder and the fate of Imperial Japan
		1. Versailles to Pearl Harbor: Woodrow Wilson and the origin of the
ethics of ‘liberal imperialism’
			How to read this text
			Understanding the overarching title of the three symposia
			Imperial Japan and the fate of the great powers
			Notes
		2. Ethics as power: the prince of our disorder and the fate of Imperial Japan
			Liberal unease
			A new world order
			Liberal navalism
			Notes
	What is the Kyoto School?
		3. Learning to resist imperialism: the three phases of the classic Kyoto School and the Chūō Kōron symposia on ‘the standpoint of world history and Japan’
			The Kyoto School and geopolitics
			The provocation of European excellence
			The genesis of the classic Kyoto School: a schema
			What do the Chūō Kōron discussions tell us about the Kyoto School?
			Notes
		4. Confucianism, realism and liberalism: three approaches to the Chūō Kōron symposia
			Bracketing liberalism
			The Confucian approach
			Realism and the three global orders
			Notes
		5. How East Asians argue: the Confucian form and language of the Chūō Kōron symposia
			A meeting of minds
			The Confucianism of the Kyoto School
			Notes
	The Pacific War and the exhaustion of liberal history
		6. The revisionism of what happens when: parkes, Ōhashi and the exhaustion of liberal history
			How fact trumps opinion: moral history and post-liberal history
			Confucian tipping points and the Kyoto School’s view of history
			Facts on the page and the textual historian
			Ōhashi’s discovery: the file at the back of the drawer
			The exhaustion of liberal history: the revelation
			Why the Kyoto School now?
			Evidence of exhaustion
			Notes
		7. Rejecting Tōjō’s decision for war: the Kyoto School rethinks the state, international law and globalization
			Great power status and the modern Japanese state
			Transcending the nation-state
			Notes
		8. Are Japan studies moral? Confucian pacifism and Kellogg-Briand liberalism between Voltaire and Walzer
			The inflamed conscience
			The wages of conscience
			Was Tōjō a war criminal?
			Confucian pacifism
			Voltaire’s Westphalian reticence
			Notes
	The Kyoto School and the Post-Meiji Confucian Revolution
		9. Endless Pearl Harbors? The Kyoto thinker as grand strategist
			Building a grand strategy
			The realities of Japan’s strategic position
			Asymmetric warfare: Masaichi Niimi and the three war scenarios
			The panic and despair of 1941
			Endless Pearl Harbors?
			Notes
		10. Confucian tipping points: how East Asians make up their minds
			The East Asian way
			First-hand experience vs. arm-chair moralism
			‘Après moi, le teenager’
			Turning on a sixpence
			The Marxist tenkō
			Having turned on a sixpence: Kōji Eizawa criticizes the Kyoto School
			Notes
		11. Plotting to bring Tōjō down: the Post-Meiji Confucian Revolution and the Kyoto School-Imperial Navy conspiracy
			The text of texts
			Men on horseback and the Post-Meiji Confucian Revolution
			Making sense of Confucian revolutions
			Timing and form in Confucian revolutions
			The hour of the blade
			Liberalism and the failure to ‘win hearts and minds’
			Notes
Part II
	The Standpoint of  World History and Japan or a reading of the complete texts of the three Chūō Kōron symposia
		I.
Two weeks before Pearl Harbor: the first symposium
			1.
Why world history has become the problem of our era
			2.
The world history of philosophers vs. the world history of historians
			3.
The European sense of crisis and Japanese world-historical consciousness
			4.
European reflections on the unity of Europe
			5.
The European sense of superiority
			6.
The defining qualities of European civilization
			7.
The notion that Japan has experienced two kinds of modernity
			8.
The concept of history in the East (Tōyō)
			9.
Criticizing the theory of stages of development
			10.
The problem of mechanized civilization
			11.
The problem of historicism
			12.
The problem of our awareness as individuals
			13.
The European Renaissance and modern history
			14.
Historicism and the challenges of teaching Japanese history
			15.
Viewing Japanese history from the standpoint of world history
			16.
World history as a method
			17.
Philosophy and reality
			18.
World history and morality (moraru)
			19.
Race, nation, people (shuzoku, minzoku, kokumin)
			20.
The problems of urban life
			21.
Explaining America
			22.
Contemporary Japan and the world
		II.
Three days after the fall of the Dutch East Indies: the second symposium
			1.
History and ethics
			2.
Ranke or Hegel: empirical world history vs. the philosophy of world history
			3.
Two methodological approaches to world history (sekai-shi no hōhō)
			4.
The ethics (rinri) of historical turning points and the birth of world-historical consciousness (jikaku)
			5.
World-historical peoples (minzoku) and the ethical (rinrisei)
			6.
Japan and China (Nippon to Shina)
			7.
World history and Großräume (kōiki ken)
			8.
The ethics of the nation (minzoku) and the ethics of the world
			9.
Greater East Asia as a region of nations (minzoku ken)
			10.
Western ethics and Eastern ethics
			11.
The ethics of war and ethical wars
			12.
The politics of philosopher-kings/sages (kentetsu)
			13.
The ethics of the family (ie)
			14.
Politics and the spirit of the family
			15.
Ethics as the fundamental problem of co-prosperity spheres (Großräume)
			16.
Towards a new kind of Japanese
		III.
Five months after Midway: the third symposium
			1.
The historical context of world-historical wars (sō ryoku sen)
			2.
The concept of ‘world-historical wars’ (sō ryoku sen)
			3.
World-historical wars (sō ryoku sen) and total wars (zentai sen)
			4.
World-historical wars and the concepts of war and peace
			5.
The importance of wars of ideas (shisō sen)
			6.
Authority (shidō) and persuasion in ideological struggles
			7.
America and systems of total war (sō ryoku sen)
			8.
Dilemmas of a creative civil society (minkan sōi)
			9.
The ideal organizational structure for waging world-historical wars
			10.
Creativity and innovation in world-historical wars
			11.
The Co-prosperity Sphere and our world-historical war
			12.
Co-prosperity spheres [Großräume] and the philosophy of the nation (kyeiōken to minzoku no tetsugaku)
			13.
Conceiving East Asia historically (Tōa no kannen to rekishi-kan)
			14.
The contradictions of Anglo-American liberty
			15.
The concepts (gainen) of ‘co-prosperity’ and ‘morality’
			16.
The world-historical foundations of the national self-defence state (kokubō kokka)
			17.
The historical necessity for co-prosperity spheres as Großräume (kyōei-ken to rekishi-teki hitsuzensei)
			18.
Japanese subjectivity and our qualities of leadership (Nippon no shutai-sei to shidō-sei)
			19.
The historical character of subjectivity
			20.
The problem of military power (senryōku)
			21.
Scholarship (gakumon) and military power
			22.
The arts and military power
			23.
Concentrating our powers of military resistance (senryoku no shūhū)
Index