The Personality Puzzle

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 15
Preface......Page 27
1 The Study of the Person......Page 38
Mission: Impossible......Page 41
Competitors or Complements?......Page 42
Distinct Approaches Versus the One Big Theory......Page 44
Advantages as Disadvantages and Vice Versa......Page 45
The Plan of This Book......Page 48
Pigeonholing Versus Appreciation of Individual Differences......Page 50
Summary......Page 51
Think About It......Page 52
PART I: RESEARCH METHODS......Page 54
2 Clues to Personality: The Basic Sources of Data......Page 56
Data Are Clues......Page 58
Four Kinds of Clues......Page 59
No Infallible Indicators of Personality......Page 93
Summary......Page 94
Think About It......Page 95
Suggested Readings......Page 96
3 Personality Psychology as Science: Research Methods......Page 98
Psychology’s Emphasis on Method......Page 99
Scientific Education and Technical Training......Page 101
Quality of Data......Page 102
Research Design......Page 115
Effect Sizes......Page 126
Ethics......Page 136
Tools of Exploration......Page 141
Summary......Page 142
Think About It......Page 143
Suggested Readings......Page 144
PART II: HOW PEOPLE DIFFER: THE TRAIT APPROACH......Page 146
4 Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior......Page 148
The Measurement of Individual Differences......Page 151
People Are Inconsistent......Page 152
The Person-Situation Debate......Page 154
Personality and Life......Page 168
Persons and Situations......Page 171
People Are Different......Page 177
Summary......Page 178
Think About It......Page 180
Suggested Readings......Page 181
5 Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing and Its Consequences......Page 182
The Nature of Personality Assessment......Page 183
The Business of Testing......Page 185
Personality Tests......Page 186
Purposes of Personality Testing......Page 211
Summary......Page 215
Suggested Reading......Page 216
6 Personality Assessment II: Personality Judgment in Daily Life......Page 218
Consequences of Everyday Judgments of Personality......Page 219
The Accuracy of Personality Judgment......Page 225
Summary......Page 244
Think About It......Page 245
Suggested Reading......Page 246
7 Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior......Page 248
The Single-Trait Approach......Page 251
The Many-Trait Approach......Page 266
The Essential-Trait Approach......Page 276
Typological Approaches to Personality......Page 289
Personality Development Over the Life Span......Page 293
From Assessment to Understanding......Page 296
Summary......Page 297
Think About It......Page 298
Suggested Readings......Page 299
PART III: THE MIND AND THE BODY: BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY......Page 300
8 The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality......Page 304
The Brain and Personality......Page 307
Biochemistry and Personality......Page 333
Summary......Page 350
Suggested Readings......Page 353
9 The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Theory......Page 354
Behavioral Genetics......Page 356
Evolutionary Personality Psychology......Page 375
Will Biology Replace Psychology?......Page 389
Putting It All Together: Sexual Orientation......Page 391
Inheritance Is the Beginning, Not the End......Page 394
Summary......Page 395
Suggested Readings......Page 397
PART IV: THE HIDDEN WORLD OF THE MIND: THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH......Page 400
10 Basics of Psychoanalysis......Page 404
The Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis......Page 405
Controversy......Page 409
Freud Himself......Page 411
Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death......Page 414
Psychological Development: “Follow the Money”......Page 416
Thinking and Consciousness......Page 430
Psychoanalysis as a Therapy and as a Route Toward Understanding......Page 433
Summary......Page 436
Suggested Readings......Page 438
11 The Workings of the Unconscious Mind: Defenses and Slips......Page 440
Anxiety......Page 442
Defense Mechanisms......Page 445
Parapraxes and Humor......Page 458
Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique......Page 465
Why Study Freud?......Page 468
Summary......Page 470
Suggested Readings......Page 471
12 Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research......Page 472
Interpreting Freud......Page 475
Latter-Day Issues and Theorists......Page 476
Current Psychoanalytic Research......Page 491
Psychoanalysis in Perspective......Page 500
Summary......Page 502
Think About It......Page 503
Suggested Readings......Page 504
PART V: EXPERIENCE AND AWARENESS: HUMANISTIC AND CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 506
13 Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life: Humanistic and Positive Psychology......Page 508
Phenomenology: Awareness Is Everything......Page 511
Existentialism......Page 512
Optimistic Humanism: Rogers and Maslow......Page 519
Personal Constructs: Kelly......Page 525
Flow: Csikszentmihalyi......Page 530
Hardiness: Maddi......Page 531
Self-Determination Theory: Deci and Ryan......Page 533
Positive Psychology......Page 534
The Implications of Phenomenology......Page 538
Summary......Page 540
Think About It......Page 542
Suggested Readings......Page 543
14 Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality......Page 544
Culture and Psychology......Page 546
The Importance of Cross-Cultural Differences......Page 548
The Characteristics of Cultures......Page 552
Cultural Assessment and Personality Assessment......Page 562
The Origins of Cultural Differences......Page 571
Challenges and New Directions for Cross-Cultural Research......Page 576
The Universal Human Condition......Page 583
Summary......Page 585
Think About It......Page 587
Suggested Readings......Page 588
PART VI: WHAT PERSONALITY DOES: LEARNING, THINKING, FEELING, AND KNOWING......Page 590
15 Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories......Page 594
Behaviorism......Page 597
Social Learning Theory......Page 615
The Cognitive-Affective Personality System......Page 630
The Contributions and Limitations of Learning Approaches to Personality......Page 635
Behaviorism and Personality......Page 637
Summary......Page 638
Suggested Readings......Page 639
16 Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion......Page 642
The Historical Roots of Research Into Personality Processes......Page 643
Perception......Page 645
Thought......Page 652
Motivation......Page 659
Emotion......Page 675
Personality as a Verb......Page 684
Summary......Page 685
Think About It......Page 687
Suggested Readings......Page 688
17 What You Know About You: The Self......Page 690
The Self Across Cultures......Page 692
The Contents of the Self......Page 696
The Declarative Self......Page 698
The Procedural Self......Page 714
How Many Selves?......Page 721
The Really Real Self......Page 723
Summary......Page 724
Suggested Reading......Page 726
18 Disorders of Personality......Page 728
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual......Page 730
Defining Personality Disorders......Page 733
The Major Personality Disorders......Page 735
Diagnosis and the Prototype Model......Page 757
Bases for Diagnosis......Page 759
Organizing the Personality Disorders......Page 762
Personality and Disorder......Page 765
Summary......Page 771
Think About It......Page 772
Suggested Readings......Page 773
19 Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead......Page 776
The Different Approaches......Page 778
What Have We Learned?......Page 784
Summary......Page 791
Suggested Readings......Page 792
Credits......Page 795
References......Page 801
Glossary......Page 853
Name Index......Page 863
Subject Index......Page 877