The Pearson Guide to Physical Chemistry for the AIPMT

Cover
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
	Basic Concepts
		Chemistry and it’s Importance
		Physical Quantities and Their Measurements
			Precision and Accuracy
		Matter
			Mixture
			Pure Substance
			Dalton’s Atomic Theory
			Molecule
			Berzelius Hypothesis
		Laws of Chemical Combinations
			Law of Conservation of Mass
			Law of Constant Composition or Law of Definite Proportion
			Law of Multiple Proportion
			Law of Reciprocal Proportion
			Law of Combining Volume
		Avogadro’s Law
		Mass
			Atomic Mass
			Atomic Mass Unit
			Molecular Mass
		Mole Concept
			To Find Total Number of Identities
		Equivalent Weight
			Methods to Find Equivalent Weight
		Mole fraction
		Chemical Equation and Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
			Empirical and Molecular Formulas
		Some Important Guidelines
	Solved Numericals
		Mole Concept
		Questions Based on Concentration
		Calculations Based on Reactions
	Multiple-choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s From Recent Entrance Exams
Chapter 2: Atomic Structure
	ATOM and its Constituents
		ATOM and Atomic Theory
			Sub Atomic Particles
			Atomic Number (Z)
			Isotopes
			Isobars
			Isotones
			Isoelectronics
			Isoesters
			Isomorphs
			Isodiaphers
		Thomson Atomic Model
		Rutherford Atomic Model
			Strengths
			Limitations
		Electronic Structure of ATOMS
			Wave Theory
			Corpuscular Theory of Light
			Quantum Theory
			Photoelectric Effect
		Spectrum
			Emission Spectrum
			Continuous Spectrum
			Absorption Spectrum
			Discontinuous or Line Spectrum
		Bohr’s Atomic Model
			Few Important Terms
			Merits of Bohr’s Atomic Model
			Shortcomings of Bohr’s Theory
		De Broglie Equation and Dual Nature Theory
		Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
		Schrodinger Wave Equation
			Significance of ψ and ψ 2
			Orbital
			Degenerate Orbital
			Radial Probability Distribution Function
			Calculation of Nodes
		Quantum Numbers
			Principle Quantum Number
			Azimuthal or Secondary or Angular Momentum Quantum Number
			Magnetic Quantum Number
			Spin Quantum Number
		AUFBAU Principle
			(n + l) Rule
			Violation of Aufba’s Rule
			Some Exceptional Configurations
			Some Other Exceptional Configurations
		Pauli Exclusion Principle
			Applications of Pauli Exclusion Principle
		Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
			Applications of Hund’s Rule
		Some Important Guidelines
	Solved Numericals
		Wave Nature, Wavelength
		Spectral Series and Rydberg Formula
		De Broglie Relation and Uncertainty Principle
		Miscellaneous
	Multiple–Choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entranceexams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 3: States of Matter
	Gaseous State
		General Properties
		Gas Laws
			Boyle’s Law
			Charles Law
			Pressure–Temperature Law (Gay-Lussac’s Law)
			Avogadro’s Law
			Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
			Graham’s Law of Diffusion
			Uses of diffusion
		Kinetic Theory of Gases
			Main Features
			Kinetic Gas Equation
			Molecular Speed Graph or Maxwell’s Distribution of Velocities
			Different Velocity Terms
		Ideal and Real Gases
			Ideal Gases
			Real Gases
		Van Der Waals Equation
		Critical Phenomenon and Liquefaction of Gases
	Liquid State
		General Properties
			Vapour Pressure
			Difference Between Evaporation and Boiling Processes
			Surface Tension
			Surface Energy
			Viscosity
			Fluidity
		Some Important Guidelines
	Solved Numericals
		Gas Laws
		Kinetic Theory of Gases and Various Velocities
		Vander Waals equation
	Multiple -choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s From Recent Entrance Exams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 4: Thermodynamics and Chemical Energetics
	Heat and Energy Changes
		Thermodynamics
			Main Objectives
			Limitations
			Terms Related to Thermodynamics
			Properties of a System or State Variables
		Thermodynamic Process
			Types of Processes
			Reversible or Quasi-static Process
			Irreversible Process
		Thermodynamic Equilibrium
		Heat
		Work
			Different Types of Work and their Formulas
		Internal Energy
		First Law of Thermodynamics or Law of Conservation of Energy
			Enthalpy Change
			Joule–Thomson Effect
		Second Law of Thermodynamics
			Carnot Cycle
		Entropy
			Facts about Entropy
			Spontaneous Process
			Entropy Changes in Different Processes
		Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
		Third Law of Thermodyanmics
		GIBBS Free Energy (G)
			Heat Capacity
		Thermochemistry
			Exothermic Reaction
			Endothermic Reaction
		Heat or Enthalpy of Reaction
			Heat of Combustion
			Calorimetry
			Heat of Formation
			Heat of Neutralization
			Heat of Hydration
			Bond Energy
			Heat of Atomization
			Enthalpy of Dissociation or Ionization
			Phase Transition and Transition Energy
			Heat of Dilution
			Heat of Solution
			Heat of Fusion
			Heat of Vaporization
			Heat of Sublimation
		Sources of Energy
			The Sun as the Primary Source of Energy
		Conservation of Energy
		Some Important Guidelines
			Resonance Energy
	Solved Numericals
		Work, Energy
		Entropy
		Various Enthalpies
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entrance Exams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 5: Chemical Equilibrium
	Chemical Processes and Reverse Reactions
		Types of Reactions
			Irreversible Reactions
			Reversible Reactions
		Equilibrium
			Physical Equilibrium
			Chemical Equilibrium
			Law of Mass Action
			Equilibrium Constant
			Degree of Dissociation (α)
			Le Chatelier’s Principle
		Some Important Guidelines
	Solved Numericals
		KP and KC
		Degree of Dissociation
		Standard Free Energy Change
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entrance Exams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 6: Ionic Equilibrium
	Ionic Equilibrium
		Types of Substances
			Non-electrolytes
			Electrolytes
		Arrhenius Theory
			Evidence in Support of lonic Theory
			Degree of lonization
		Ostwald Dilution Law
		Ionic Product of Water
			pH Scale
			Limitations of pH scale
		Buffer Solution
			Features
			Buffer Capacity
			Types of Buffer Solutions
			Uses of Buffer solutions
		Solubility and Solubility Product
			Solubility
			Solubility Product
			Relation Between Solubility (s) and Solubility Product (Ksp)
			Solubility Product and Precipitation
		Salt Hydrolysis
			Various Expressions for Kh,h and pH for Different Type of Salts
		Acid and Bases
			Arrhenius Concept of Acid and Base
			Bronsted Lowery Concept or Proton Concept
			Amphoteric or Ampholyte Substances
			Lewis Concept of Acid and Base
			Factors Affecting Acidic Strength
			Nature of Oxides
			Acid–Base Indicators
			Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB Principle)
		Some Important Guidelines
	Solved Numericals
		Dissociation Constant, Degree of Dissociation
		Buffer Solutions
		Solubility Product
		Salt Hydrolysis
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entrance Exams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 7: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
	Redox Reactions
		Basic Concepts
			Oxidation
			Reduction
			Redox Reaction
			Oxidizing Agents or Oxidants
			Reducing Agents or Reductants
			Oxidation Number
		Balancing of Redox Reactions
			By Ion-Electron Method
			By Oxidation Number Change Method
	Electrochemiestry
		Electrolysis
			Electrolysis of Aqueous NaCl Solution
			Electrolysis of H2SO4
			Electrolysis with Active Electrodes
		Faraday’s Laws
			First Law of Electrolysis
			Second Law of Electrolysis
			Application of Faraday’s Laws
		Terms and Concepts Related to Electrochemistry
		Electrochemical Cell
			The Daniell cell
			Types of Electrodes or Half Cells
			Electrode Potential or Single Electrode Potential
			Electromotive Force or emf of the Cell or Cell Voltage
			Nernst Equation
		Electrochemical Series
			Features of Electrochemical Series
		Concentration Cells
		Some Commercial Cells
			Primary Cells
			Secondary Cells
		Rusting or Corrosion of Metal
			Prevention of Corrosion
		Some Important Guidelines
			Auto Oxidation
			Induced Oxidation
			Spectator Ions
			Potential Gradient
			Hitroff Number (t or n)
	Solved Numericals
		Conductance
		Faraday’s Law
		emf and Nernst Equation
	Mutiple-Choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entrance Exams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 8: Solid State
	Solid State
		General Properties
		Types of Solids
			Crystalline Solids
			Amorphous Solids
		Bragg’s Equation
			Applications
		Unit Cell
			Types of Unit Cell
			Types of Symmetry in Crystals
			Crystal Systems
		Mathematical Analysis of Cubic System
			Atomic Radius(r)
			Number of Atoms Per Unit Cell or Unit Cell Content (Z)
			Coordination Number (C. No.)
			Density of Lattice Matter (d)
			Packing Fraction
			Interstitial Voids
			Radius Ratio
		Packing of Constituents in Crystals
			Close Packing in Two Dimensions
			Packing in Three Dimensions
			Structure of Some Ionic Solids
		Imperfections in Solids
			Electronic Imperfection
			Atomic Imperfection
		Magnetic Properties of Solids
		Electrical Properties of Solids
		Some Important Guidelines
	Solved Numericals
		Radius, Packing Fraction, Density and Bragg’s Equation
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entrance Exams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 9: Solutions
	Solutions and Colligative Properties
		Solutions
			Solutions of Solids in Liquids
			Solubility of Gases
			Expression of Concentration of Solution
		Vapour Pressure
			Vapour Pressure of a Liquid
			Vapour Pressure of a Solution
		Raoult’s Law
			Raoult’s Law for Volatile Solutes
			Raoult’s Law for Non-Volatile Solutes
			Ideal Solutions
			Non-Ideal Solutions
			Types of non-ideal solutions
			Azeotropic Mixture
			Solubility of Partially Miscible Liquids
		Colligative Properties
			Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure
			Osmotic Pressure
			Elevation in Boiling Point
			Depression in Freezing Point
			Van’t Hoff Factor
		Some Important Guidelines
	Solved Numericals
		Concentration Terms
		Raoult’s Law
		Elevation in Boiling Point and Depression in Freezing Point
		Osmotic Pressure
		Van’t Hoff Factor
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entrance Exams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 10: Chemical Kinetics
	Kinetics of Chemical Reactions
		Rate of Reaction
			Instantaneous Rate of Reaction
			Features of Rate of Reaction
			Specific Reaction Rate or Velocity Constant
			Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
		Collision Theory
			Activation Energy
			Arrehenius Equation
			Graph between log10 k and 1/T
		Elementary and Complex Reactions
		Molecularity
		Order of Reaction
			Zero-order Reaction
			First-order Reaction
			Second-order Reaction
			Third-order Reaction
			Pseudo First-order Reactions
		Some Important Guidelines
		Some Important Graphs
	Solved Numericals
		Rate of Reaction, Rate Constant
		Activation Energy
		Determination of Order of Reaction
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entrance Exams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 11: Nuclear Chemistry
	Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
		Radioactivity
			Reasons for unstable Nucleus or Radioactivity
			Nature of Radiations
			Group Displacement Law
			Radioactive Disintegration Series
			Rate of Radioactive Disintegration and Disintegration Constant
			Half-life Period (t½ )
			Average Life
		Nuclear Reactions
			Difference Between a Nuclear and a Chemical Reaction
			Types of Nuclear Reactions
			Nuclear Fission
			Spallation
			Nuclear Fusion
			Uses of Artificial Radioactive Isotope
		Some Important Guidelines
	Solved Numericals
		Mass Defect and Binding Energy
		Number of α and β Particles
		Half-life, Rate Constant
		Carbon Dating, Rock Dating
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	A peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entrance Exams
	Numericals for Practice
Chapter 12: Surface Chemistry
	Adsorption, Catalysis, Colloids and Emulsions
		Adsorption
			Features of Adsorption
			Types of Adsorption
			Factors Effecting Adsorption
			Uses of Adsorption
		Catalysts
			Heterogenous Catalysis
			Features of a Catalyst
			Catalyst Promoter or Activators
			Catalyst Poison
			Types of Catalysts
			Theories of Catalysis
			Enzyme Catalyst or Biochemical Catalyst
		Colloidal State
			Classification of Colloids
			Preparation of Lyophilic Sols
			Preparation of Lyophobic Sols
			Purification of Colloidal Solutions
			Properties of Colloidal Solutions
			Emulsions
			Gels
			Application of Colloids
		Some Important Guidelines
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	A Peep into the AIPMT
	MCQ’s from Recent Entrance Exams