The Particle Century

THE PARTICLE CENTURY......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 3
INTRODUCTION......Page 5
ABOUT THE EDITOR......Page 9
GLOSSARY......Page 10
NOBEL PRIZES IN PHYSICS......Page 13
Physics and the Cold War, 1946-58......Page 19
US physics and the space age, 1958-80......Page 20
The shifting alliance: physics in the USA, 1980-90s......Page 22
BIG PHYSICS IN EUROPE......Page 23
JAPAN......Page 26
MAJOR SOURCES......Page 27
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 28
EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION: THE COSMIC RAIN’......Page 30
Experimental techniques......Page 31
Prediction......Page 32
THE NEED FOR ‘MESONS’......Page 33
The lifetime Of the mesotron......Page 34
DISCOVERY OF THE PION AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE MESOTRON AS THE MUON......Page 35
THE SITUATION IN 1950......Page 37
Charged K particles......Page 38
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF COSMIC-RAY STUDIES 1945-55......Page 40
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 41
CHAPTER 3: FIRST ACCELERATOR FRUITS......Page 42
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 50
HADRONIC PROLIFERATION IN 1949-62: ISOSPIN AND STRANGENESS......Page 52
THE SEARCH FOR ORDER ( 1954-64): STRUCTURAL APPROACHES......Page 53
THE SEARCH FOR ORDER (1954-64): PATTERN ABSTRACTION FROM THE PHENOMENOLOGY......Page 54
GLOBAL AND LOCAL SYMMETRIES: EMMY NOETHER’S THEOREMS......Page 55
UNITARY SYMMETRY IN THE BARYON OCTET VERSION......Page 56
QUARKS......Page 60
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 63
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW......Page 64
1964 quark model......Page 65
Questions about the quark model......Page 66
Deep inelastic scattering......Page 67
Elastic and inelastic studies......Page 68
Inelastic electron-proton scattering: results......Page 69
Parton model......Page 70
Electron-deuteron scattering: results......Page 71
Neutrino scattering......Page 72
Quarks as constituents and quantum chromodynamics......Page 73
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 74
FEYNMAN RULES......Page 75
INFINITIES......Page 78
PERTURBATION THEORY......Page 79
RENORMALIZABILITY......Page 80
WEAK INTERACTIONS......Page 81
COMPTON SCATTERING......Page 82
NEUTRAL VECTOR BOSONS......Page 83
CHARMED QUARKS......Page 84
p-PARAMETER......Page 85
SPECULATIONS......Page 86
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 87
FRASCATI AND CAMBRIDGE......Page 88
MAGNETIC DETECTOR......Page 90
FIRST RESULTS......Page 94
OCTOBER 1974......Page 95
BUSY WEEKEND......Page 97
$-CHOLOGY......Page 98
PARTICLE BONANZA......Page 99
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 100
CHAPTER 8: WEAK INTERACTIONS......Page 102
EARLY CONTROVERSIES AND DISCOVERIES......Page 103
STRANGE BEHAVIOUR AND THE DOWNFALL OF PARITY......Page 104
NEUTRINOS, SEEN BUT NOT REFLECTED......Page 105
V - A AND THE LEFT-HANDED NEUTRINO......Page 107
THE FIRST HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINO EXPERIMENT......Page 108
A GIANTESS AND A NEUTRAL CURRENT......Page 110
MODERN TIMES......Page 112
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 113
CHAPTER 9: HUNTING THE CARRIERS OF THE WEAK FORCE......Page 114
COLLIDING BEAMS......Page 116
BEAM COOLING......Page 117
ANTIPROTON FACTORIES......Page 118
THE DETECTORS......Page 119
THE DISCOVERY AND AFTER......Page 120
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 121
CHAPTER 10: QUARK MIXING AND CP VIOLATION......Page 123
CP VIOLATION IN THE KO-KO COMPLEX......Page 126
THE CABIBBO-KOBAYASHI-MASKAWA MATRIX......Page 127
Present status of the CKM matrix......Page 128
Unitarity triangles......Page 129
CP violation in B decays......Page 130
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 132
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 133
QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS AND QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS......Page 134
HADRON JETS......Page 135
INDIRECT EVIDENCE FOR THE GLUON......Page 136
PETRA AND TASSO......Page 137
GLUON BREMSSTRAHLUNG......Page 138
DISCOVERY OF THE GLUON......Page 139
QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS EFFECTS AT HIGHER ENERGIES......Page 141
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 143
THE STANDARD MODEL ARCHITECTURE......Page 145
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS......Page 149
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF THE STANDARD ELECTROWEAK THEORY......Page 153
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 159
INTRODUCTION......Page 160
EARLY SEARCHES FOR THE TOP QUARK IN HADRON COLLISIONS......Page 161
THE FERMILAB EXPERIMENTS......Page 164
FIRST EVIDENCE FOR THE TOP QUARK......Page 166
STUDYING THE NEWLY DISCOVERED QUARK......Page 168
Additional decay modes......Page 169
Rare decay modes of the top quark......Page 170
CONCLUSION......Page 171
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 172
The Standard Model......Page 173
An incomplete theory?......Page 176
TOWARDS A THEORY OF EVERYTHING......Page 177
SUPERSYMMETRIC EXTENSION OF THE STANDARD MODEL......Page 179
GRAND UNIFICATION......Page 180
Gauge coupling predictions......Page 181
STRING THEORY: THE ULTIMATE UNIFICATION?......Page 183
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK......Page 185
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 186
COLOUR PLATE SECTION......Page 187
HISTORY OF ACCELERATORS......Page 200
LINEAR ACCELERATORS......Page 201
THE CYCLOTRON......Page 202
THE BETATRON......Page 203
THE FIRST SYNCHROTRONS......Page 204
USA AND EUROPE: NECK AND NECK......Page 206
COOLING......Page 208
LUMINOSITY......Page 209
THE SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER......Page 210
LINEAR COLLIDERS......Page 211
ACCELERATORS: COMPETITION OR COMMON CAUSE......Page 212
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 213
INTERACTIONS AND EVENTS......Page 214
CHARGED PARTICLE DETECTION; CLOUD CHAMBERS AND BUBBLE CHAMBERS......Page 215
HIGHER ENERGIES AND HARDER QUESTIONS......Page 217
THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION......Page 218
GASEOUS IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 219
MODERN COLLIDING-BEAM DETECTORS......Page 220
THE HIGHEST ENERGIES......Page 221
DETECTOR EVOLUTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL SPIN-OFF......Page 223
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 224
INTRODUCTION......Page 225
COSMIC RAYS......Page 226
BIG BANG COSMOLOGY......Page 227
THE PRE-HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE......Page 228
BIG BANG BARYOSYNTHESIS......Page 230
PARTICLE CANDIDATES FOR DARK MATTER......Page 231
COSMOLOGICAL INFLATION AND STRUCTURE FORMATION......Page 232
THE SYMBIOSIS OF PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY......Page 233
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 234
CHAPTER 18: BIG BANG DYNAMICS......Page 235
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 242
The Solar System......Page 243
NEUTRON STARS......Page 244
GALAXIES, CLUSTERS AND DARK MATTER......Page 246
BLACK HOLES AND QUASARS......Page 247
LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE......Page 249
THE EXPANSION RATE AND AGE OF THE UNIVERSE......Page 250
EPILOGUE......Page 251
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 252