The paradoxical brain

Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
Foreword......Page 15
Author affiliations......Page 17
Abbreviations......Page 21
Introduction......Page 24
Natural and physical sciences......Page 25
Clinical sciences......Page 26
Neurosciences......Page 29
Conclusions......Page 31
References\r......Page 32
Introduction......Page 37
Blindness......Page 39
Deafness......Page 40
A historical perspective from the education of the blind......Page 41
Reading and writing in the blind: lessons about paradoxical tactile abilities......Page 44
Music in the blind: lessons from paradoxical auditory abilities......Page 46
Neural substrate for paradoxical phenomena in the blind: plastic change in non-visual brain areas......Page 48
Neural substrate for paradoxical phenomena in the blind: plastic change in the deprived visual cortex......Page 51
Conceptual framework......Page 55
Future challenges and questions......Page 56
References\r......Page 57
Introduction......Page 63
(a) Enhanced perceptual recognition......Page 64
(b) Other lesion facilitation effects in visual perception......Page 66
(i) When forgetting the gist may help......Page 67
(ii) Freedom from interference......Page 68
(iii) Does loss of meaning help detect repetition of words?......Page 71
(iv) Other examples of paradoxical functional facilitation in human memory......Page 72
(i) Problem-solving ability......Page 74
(ii) Inhibition......Page 75
(a) `Double-hit recovery´ in visual neglect......Page 76
(b) Double-hit recovery in language......Page 77
Hinder-help effect......Page 79
Lesion-load paradox......Page 81
Paradoxical positive outcome......Page 82
(a) Anxiety and related conditions......Page 83
(b) Depression and bipolar disorder......Page 84
(c) Schizophrenia......Page 85
(d) Post-traumatic growth......Page 86
(c) Future challenges and questions......Page 87
References\r......Page 88
Introduction......Page 97
Through the looking glass: the value of illusions in neurorehabilitation......Page 98
Refusing a helping hand - constraint-induced therapy in rehabilitation......Page 101
Interruptions!\r Interruptions! Interruptions!......Page 103
Rehabilitation, attention and integrated competition......Page 106
Future challenges and questions......Page 110
References\r......Page 111
Introduction......Page 117
Three visual pathways......Page 118
Capgras Syndrome and abhorrence of discrepancy......Page 120
Prosopagnosia and Capgras......Page 121
Apotemnophilia......Page 122
Mirror neurons in psychopathology......Page 123
Cotard\'\rs Syndrome......Page 125
Unity and discrepancy......Page 126
Panic attacks, depersonalization and derealization......Page 127
Future challenges and questions......Page 128
References\r......Page 129
Introduction......Page 133
The developmental problem and the broadening view......Page 134
Historical ideas regarding developmental regression and perceptual narrowing......Page 135
Speech perception......Page 136
Music perception......Page 137
Multisensory perceptual narrowing in human infants......Page 138
Response to non-native faces and vocalizations......Page 139
Is broad multisensory tuning present at birth?......Page 140
Response to native and non-native auditory and visual speech......Page 141
Does multisensory perception narrow in non-human primates?......Page 142
Perceptual narrowing in monkeys beyond the multisensory domain......Page 145
Putative neural mechanisms underlying perceptual narrowing......Page 146
Conclusions......Page 147
References\r......Page 148
Introduction......Page 153
(a) Memory functioning......Page 155
(b) Mood and emotions......Page 157
(c) Decision-making and problem-solving......Page 159
Measuring older adults\'\r cognition: methodological biases......Page 161
(a) Stress and cognition......Page 162
Arbitrary materials and tasks......Page 164
Conclusions......Page 166
Future challenges and questions......Page 167
References\r......Page 168
Introduction......Page 174
Associative memory illusions: the DRM effect......Page 176
The curse of knowledge......Page 179
The knew-it-all-along effect (hindsight bias)......Page 181
Paradoxes of difficulty......Page 182
Spacing......Page 183
Variability......Page 184
Testing......Page 185
The misinformation effect......Page 187
The self-limiting nature of retrieval......Page 189
Paradoxes caused by fluency of cognitive processing......Page 191
Cryptomnesia......Page 192
Availability......Page 193
Implicit theories of stability and change......Page 194
References\r......Page 195
Summary......Page 200
References\r......Page 208
Meyers\' observation - the paradox\r......Page 212
The lesion-deficit model......Page 213
Setting the scene - the components of the basal ganglia......Page 214
Paradoxical functional improvement by `double hits´......Page 216
Back to the neurosurgical paradoxes......Page 218
A new model......Page 219
The disruptive signal in Parkinsons disease......Page 220
The disruptive signal in dystonia and levodopa-induced dyskinesias......Page 221
So what do the basal ganglia do?......Page 222
References\r......Page 223
Introduction......Page 227
Non-antiepileptic drugs (non-AEDs)......Page 229
Depression......Page 230
Psychosis......Page 231
Psychiatric disorders following temporal lobectomy......Page 232
Brain injuries......Page 233
Spontaneous remission......Page 234
Ecstatic seizures......Page 235
Paradoxical accomplishments in persons with epilepsy......Page 237
References\r......Page 238
Introduction......Page 244
Brain regions involved in creativity......Page 245
Paradoxical facilitation of creativity with neurodegenerative disease......Page 248
The role of inhibition in creativity......Page 251
Summary......Page 253
References\r......Page 254
Introduction......Page 257
A few historical insights about paradoxical uses of noninvasive brain stimulation......Page 260
What are TMS and tDCS?......Page 263
Induction of a virtual lesion......Page 264
Facilitating behaviour by suppressing local activity so as to release activity in a distant area......Page 269
Facilitating behaviour by leveraging state-dependent effects of TMS......Page 275
Paradoxical functional facilitation following tDCS......Page 278
Future challenges and questions......Page 279
References\r......Page 280
Introduction......Page 284
Allergies and glioma......Page 286
Parkinson\'\rs disease and cigarette smoking......Page 288
References\r......Page 292
Introduction......Page 297
Systemizing......Page 298
Systemizing in autism spectrum conditions......Page 299
Systemizing and Weak Central Coherence......Page 300
Hyper-systemizing: implications for education......Page 304
Hyper-systemizing theory vs. Executive Dysfunction theory......Page 305
Sensory hypersensitivity......Page 306
References\r......Page 308
Introduction......Page 312
Psychiatric disorders......Page 313
Affective mechanisms......Page 314
Divergent thinking and heightened perception......Page 315
Information bias......Page 316
Other accomplished individuals and their problems......Page 317
Population studies......Page 318
Creativity and public health......Page 319
Danish adoptees with creative careers......Page 320
Future challenges and questions......Page 321
References\r......Page 322
The history of paradoxical treatments in psychiatry......Page 324
The paradox of convulsive therapy......Page 325
Neurosurgery for mental disorders......Page 326
Modern psychosurgery......Page 327
Rationale for the procedures: is there a paradox?......Page 330
Current status of psychosurgery......Page 332
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)......Page 333
Acknowledgements\r......Page 336
References\r......Page 337
Historical background......Page 344
Effects and adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy......Page 347
Mode of action of electroconvulsive therapy......Page 348
Future challenges and questions......Page 350
References\r......Page 352
Introduction......Page 355
Future challenges and questions......Page 370
References\r......Page 371
Introduction......Page 373
Experience modulates brain plasticity in unpredictable ways......Page 374
Plasticity and timing of early cerebral injury does not follow simple rules......Page 377
Drugs and experience modulate brain plasticity in counter-intuitive ways......Page 380
Plasticity can be maladaptive......Page 381
Future challenges and questions......Page 383
References\r......Page 384
Glossary......Page 388
Neurogenesis in a nutshell......Page 389
Paradox 1: a contradiction of an expected result......Page 392
Paradox 3: cell birth needs to be accompanied by cell death......Page 394
Paradox 5: neurogenesis appears to be more important for long-term retention than for learning......Page 395
Paradox 6: a real-life paradox......Page 396
Effects of neurogenesis on learning or vice versa?......Page 397
Are we looking for a needle in the haystack?......Page 398
Future challenges and questions......Page 399
References......Page 400
Introduction......Page 402
The nature of hippocampal memory representations that support stimulus discrimination learning......Page 404
The flexibility of hippocampal-dependent memories......Page 408
Episodic recollection and the roles of distinct components of the hippocampal system......Page 411
Conclusions......Page 415
References\r......Page 416
Introduction......Page 420
Paradoxical neuropsychopharmacological effects......Page 422
Mechanisms that can give rise to paradoxical drug effects......Page 423
Self-regulation and inverted U-shaped responses in neuropsychopharmacology......Page 425
Inverted U-shaped functions and genetic variations......Page 426
Imaging and neuropsychopharmacology......Page 427
Differential drug effects on distinct tasks......Page 428
Differential drug effects on distinct brain regions......Page 429
What can neuropsychopharmacological studies tell us about ADHD and its treatment?......Page 430
Future challenges and questions......Page 434
References\r......Page 435
Summary......Page 441
Introduction......Page 442
1. The paradoxical brain - what sort of brain may produce paradoxical phenomena?......Page 443
2. The paradoxical brain - implications for how we may enhance normal brain functioning......Page 448
3. The paradoxical brain - implications for prevention, detection and understanding of brain disease and brain disorder......Page 449
4. The paradoxical brain - implications for repair of the damaged brain and the disordered brain......Page 450
5. The paradoxical brain - implications for rehabilitation of the brain-damaged and brain-disordered person......Page 451
References\r......Page 453
Index......Page 458