The Palgrave Handbook of South–South Migration and Inequality

Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 South–South Migration and Inequality: An Introduction
	The Scale and Importance of South–South Migration
	The Relationships Between Migration and Inequality
	The Importance of Global South Perspectives
	The Contributions to this Handbook
	References
Part I Conceptualising South–South Migration
2 The Enduring Impacts of Slavery: A Historical Perspective on South–South Migration
	Introduction: A Critical View of the Minority World and South–South Migration
	An Overview of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
	The Legacy of Slavery
	Slavery and the Protracted Displacement of Liberians in West Africa
	Conclusions
	Bibliography
3 Recentring the South in Studies of Migration
	Introduction
	Redressing Eurocentrism in Migration Studies
	Examining the applicability of classical concepts and frameworks in the South
	Studying Migration in the South and South–South Migration
	The Geopolitics of Knowledge Production
	Decentring the North Qua Recentring the South?
	The Politics of Recentring
	The “South” or “Southern Theories”?
	The Politics of Citation: Beyond Diversity and Inclusion
	The Politics of “Quoted” Knowledge: Rethinking the Wound
	References
4 Writing the Refugee Camp: A Southern–Southern Correspondence
	I
	II
	III
	IV
	V
	Writing the Camp
	Refugees Are Dialectical Beings
	Anthropologists
5 Migration Research, Coloniality and Epistemic Injustice
	Introduction
	The State of Academic Migration Research
	Migration Research, Epistemic Injustice and Epistemic Oppression
		Eurocentrism in Migration Studies
		Epistemic Exploitation
		Wilful Hermeneutical Ignorance
	Addressing the Eurocentrism of Migration Research
	Conclusion
	References
6 Rethinking Power and Reciprocity in the “Field”
	Introduction
	Problematising the “Field”
	Decolonisation and Power in Migration Studies
	Tensions Between Academic and Social Meanings of Ethical Reciprocity
	Framing an Ethics of Responsibility in African Society
		Who is Responsible for Representing What?
		Ubuntu: A Currency for Responsibility
	Typical Experiences of “Indigenous Researchers” Doing Migration Fieldwork
		The Politics of Revealing Identities
		Looking Out for the Welfare of Community Members
	Acting Differently
	References
7 What Does it Mean to Move? Joy and Resistance Through Cultural Work in South–South Migration
	Introduction
	Necropolitics of (Dis)counting and (B)ordering
	Revealing the Humanity in South–South Migration: “Destituting” the Practices of (B)ordering and (Dis)counting
	“I Can’t Bear You Being Called NUMBER 92”: The Destituting Power of Poetry
	Joy as a Form of Resistance
	Reclaiming the Humanity of Forced Migrants
	Conclusion
	References
Part II Unpacking “the South” in South–South Migration
8 Global Trends in South–South Migration
	Introduction
	Migration Data in the Global South
	Global Overview
	Regional and Sub-regional Trends
		The Middle East
		Central Asia
		South and South-East Asia
		China
		Africa
		Latin America
		Small Island Nations
	International Displacement in the Global South
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
9 The Dynamics of South–South Migration in Africa
	Introduction
	Migration Trends and Patterns in Africa
	Demographic Overview of Migration Within the Regions of Africa
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
10 Migration as a Collective Project in the Global South: A Case Study from the Ethiopia–South Africa Corridor
	Introduction
	Conceptual Framework—Beyond the Individualist Thrust in Migration Studies
	The Making of the Ethiopia–South Africa Migration Corridor
	Hadiya Migration to South Africa as a Collective Project
		Hadiya Migration to South Africa as an Enactment of a Divine Script
		Social Networks and Collective Capability
	Processes of Individualisation of the Hadiya Migration Project
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
11 Migration and Inequality in the Burkina Faso–Côte d’Ivoire corridor
	Introduction
	Historical Background of Migration Between Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire
	Factors and Characteristics of Burkinabe Migration After Independence
		Migration Strategies
	Overview of Inequalities Linked to Burkinabè Migration
		Gender Inequalities in Migration
		Inequalities Related to Childhood
	Remittances and Skills Transfers of Burkinabè Migrants
	Inequalities Associated with Migration in Burkina Faso
	Inequalities in Côte d’Ivoire
		Inequalities in Rights Linked to Citizenship and Employment
		Inequalities in Income, Gender and Access to Education in the Host Areas
		Inequalities in Health and Access to Resources in Activities Involving Children
	Conclusion
	References
12 Unequal Origins to Unequal Destinations: Trends and Characteristics of Migrants’ Social and Economic Inclusion in South America
	Introduction
	Pre-existing Inequalities in the Americas
	Migration Trends and Socio-demographic Profile of Migrant Populations
	Migrants’ Formal vs. Effective Social and Economic Inclusion
	Gaps in the Effective Access to Social and Economic Rights
	Conclusions
	References
13 The Making of Migration Trails in the Americas: Ethnographic Network Tracing of Haitians on the Move
	Introduction
	Haiti’s Unending Crises and Broken Social Contract
	Haitian Migration Trails in Latin America
	Methodology and Survey Demographics
	Findings
		The Trajectories of Haitians on the Move
		Migration and Brain Drain in the LAC Region
		Path Dependency, Circulation, and Intermediations in Migration
		Migration Capital: The Role of Social Networks in Haiti and Abroad
		Migration: A High-Risk, High-Reward Investment
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
14 Migrant Labour and Inequalities in the Nepal–Malaysia Corridor (and Beyond)
	Introduction
	Nepalis Migrant Workers in Malaysia: An Overview
	Becoming a Nepali Migrant Worker in Malaysia
	Forced Labour in Malaysia: The Trafficking in Persons Report
	Disease, State, and Labour in Malaysia
	Conclusion
	References
15 Inter-regional Migration in the Global South: Chinese Migrants in Ghana
	Introduction
	Conceptualising Drivers of Migration from China to Ghana
		What Factors Drive Chinese Migrants to Ghana?
	Economic Activities of Chinese Migrants in Ghana
	Impacts of Chinese Migration in Ghana
		Economic Impacts
		Environmental Impacts
		Political and Security Impacts
		Inequalities
	Benefits of Migration to Chinese Migrants and Household Members Left Behind
		Improved Incomes and Livelihoods
		Remittances and Local Development
		Inequalities in Areas of Origin
		Psychological and Health Impacts
	Conclusion
	References
16 Inter-regional Migration in the Global South: African Migration to Latin America
	Introduction
	Latin America as a New Destination of African Migrants
	Mapping African Migration to Latin America
	Socio-political Reception and Integration of African Migrants
		Argentina
		Brazil
		Mexico
	Conclusions
	References
Part III Inequalities and South–South Migration
17 Poverty, Income Inequalities and Migration in the Global South
	Introduction
	Who Migrates?
	How Do Poverty and Inequality Influence Who Migrates, and Why?
	A Reflection on South–South Migration in Relation to Inequality
	How Does Migration Influence Poverty and Inequality in Countries of Origin?
		Impacts of Remittances
		Impacts of Outmigration on Poverty and Income Inequality
	How Does Migration Influence Poverty and Inequality in Countries of Destination?
		Socio-Economic Conditions of Migrants
		Consequences of Migration on Socio-Economic Conditions in Countries of Destination
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
18 Gendered Migration in the Global South: An Intersectional Perspective on Inequality
	Introduction
	Intersectional, Gendered Migrations
	Gendered Migration, Temporality and Precarity
	Social Reproduction and Transnational Family Life
	Cross-Generational Issues
	(Re-)production, Polycentrism and Migration Governance
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
19 Haitian Migration and Structural Racism in Brazil
	Introduction
	The Historical Context of Racism in Brazil
	Race and Racism in Brazilian Society
	Legacy of Colonialism on Racialised Relations
	Institutionalised Structural Racism in Brazil
	Whitewashing as Strategy of Reproduction of Brazilian Structural Racism
	The Data on Haitians in Brazil
	Haitian Migrants’ Perceptions of Race and Racism in Brazil
		Methodological Note
		Data Analysis
	Conclusions
	Notes
	References
20 Climate Change and Human Mobility in the Global South
	Introduction
	Climate Change and Human Mobility: A Recap of the Debate
	The Politics of Climate Mobilities
	Cross-Border Climate Mobilities in the Global South
	Conclusions and Ways Forward
	Notes
	References
21 Why, When and How? The Role of Inequality in Migration Decision-making
	Introduction
	Tangible Inequalities—Socio-Economic and Right-Access Inequality
	Intangible Inequalities—Perception of, and Feelings About, Inequality
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
22 Overcoming and Reproducing Inequalities: Mediated Migration in the “Global South”
	Introduction
	Roles and Functions of Intermediaries
	Intermediaries and Unequal Transnational Borders
		Intermediaries and the Bureaucracy of Migration
		Intermediaries as “Protection from Below”
	Intermediaries and Income Inequalities
		Intermediaries as Drivers of Inequalities
	Intermediaries and the Inequalities in Their New Destinations
	Conclusion
	References
23 The Design and Use of Digital Technologies in the Context of South–South Migration
	Introduction
	Transnational Families and Digital Tech
		Wellbeing vs Pressure
		Care vs Control
	Gendered Use and Effects of Digital Tech
	Information practices
		Acculturation
		Skills and Employment
		Advocacy and Collective Action
	(Digital) Inequalities
	Digital Humanitarianism
	Evidence from MIDEQ Research on Migrant Use of Digital Tech
	Under-Addressed Themes in the Literature
	Conclusions: The Promises and Perils of Digital Tech
	Notes
	References
24 Migrant Resource Flows and Development in the Global South
	Introduction
	Financial Flows
		South–South Remittances Are Underestimated
		An Example of South–South Remittance Data
		Remittances Impact on Development: Diaspora Finance
	Trade Flows
		Goods Trade Flows
		Goods and Services Trade Flows
		Informal Trade Flows
	Knowledge
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
25 South–South Migration and Children’s Education: Expanded Challenges and Increased Opportunities
	Introduction
	Note on Terminology
	Methods
	Review of the Evidence: Children’s Education in Migration Contexts
		Examining Childhood, Education, and Inequalities in South–South Migration Contexts
	Educational Inequalities Among Children Who Stay Back
	Children of Those who Left and Educational Inequalities
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
26 Mapping the Linkages Between Food Security, Inequality, Migration, and Development in the Global South
	Introduction
	Inequality, Migration, and Food Security
	Food Security, Migration Aspirations, and Actions
	Crises, Food Insecurity, and Survival Migration
	Remittances and Food Security
	Migrants, Food Environments, and Informality
	Migrant Destinations, Inequality, and Food Insecurity
	Conclusion
	References
Part IV Responses to South–South Migration
27 The Governance of South–South Migration: Same or Different?
	Introduction: Defining “the South” in South–South Migration
	What is Different? Discerning Specificities in South–South Migration
	Not So Different, After All? Global Inequalities and Diversity Within South–South Migration
	Policy and Programmatic Responses to South–South Migration
		The SDGs and Development Policy
		Protection of Migrants’ Rights
		South–South Cooperation on Migration
		Regional Consultative Processes
		Regional Integration Mechanisms
		Southern Cities and the Local Governance of Migration
	Conclusion
	References
28 Policies towards Migration in Africa
	Introduction
	Conceptualising Gaps in the Implementation of Migration Policy Frameworks
	Africa Migration Governance Frameworks
		African Union Migration Policy Framework
		Joint Labour Migration Programme
		African Union Free Movement of Persons Protocol
	Regional Migration Governance Frameworks
	National Policies on Migration
	Challenges Associated with Implementation of Migration Policies and Frameworks
	Conclusion
	References
29 Migration Governance in South America: Change and Continuity in Times of “Crisis”
	Introduction
	Regional Migration Governance in Times of “Crisis”
	Continuity: The Coexistence of a Progressive Framework and Security Actors
	Changes: The Temporalities and Materialities of Control
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
30 Perú and Migration from Venezuela: From Early Adjustment to Policy Misalignment
	Introduction
	Perú’s Migration History
	Three Phases of Venezuelan Migration
		Phase I: 2015–18: Relative Openness to Relatively Fewer Numbers
		Phase II: Late 2018–March 2020: Greater Legal Restrictions, Numbers, and Exclusion
		Phase III: March 2020–2023: Dual Health and Migration Crises with Deteriorating Conditions for Migrants
	Migration Management: How Well Did It Work?
		Administrative Burdens and Policy Dysfunction
		Limited Reliance on International Coordination (RV4)
		Deteriorating Economic and Social Impacts on Migrants Despite Labour Market Effects
	Misaligned Migration Policy and Its Alternatives
	Notes
	References
31 The “ASEAN Way” in Migration Governance
	Introduction: Migration in the ASEAN Region
	The “ASEAN Way” in Migration Governance: Disengagement, Decentralisation
		Disengagement, Non-interference
		Decentralised Recruitment
	Migration Policies in Labour-Sending and Labour-Receiving ASEAN Countries
		Labour-Sending Countries
		Indonesia
		Philippines
		Vietnam
		Labour-Receiving Countries
		Singapore
		Malaysia
	The Role of Civil Society in Migration Governance
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
32 Unfair and Unjust: Temporary Labour Migration Programmes in and from Asia and the Pacific as Barriers to Migrant Justice
	Introduction
	Temporary Labour Migrations in and from Asia and the Pacific
	TLMPs as Barriers to Justice
		TLMPs are a Barrier to Development Justice
		TLMPs are a Barrier to Racial Justice
		TLMPs are a Barrier to Gender Justice
	Temporariness
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
33 Migrant Political Mobilisation and Solidarity Building in the Global South
	Introduction
	Conceptualising Political Mobilisation and Solidarity Building
	Migrant Organising at the Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels: An Overview
	Migrant Political Mobilisation Through Trade Unions
	Migrants Workers, Non-migrant Workers: Solidarity and Contradiction
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Index