The Palgrave Handbook of Media Misinformation

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Graphs
List of Images
List of Tables
Introduction
	A Challenging Context
	Saturation and Weaponisation
	Sleepwalking into Information War? Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine
	‘Fake News’
	A Question of Trust
	The Problem
	Media Literacy: Beyond Solutionism
	Part I: Democracy, Disruption and Civic Crisis (Diagnosis)
	Part II: ‘Fake News’, Conspiracy, Propaganda (Diagnosis)
	Part III: Health, Science and Data (Diagnosis)
	Part IV: Journalism (Response)
	Part V: Media Literacy (Response)
Part I: Democracy, Disruption and Civic Crisis (Diagnosis)
	Part I Introduction: Karen Fowler-Watt
	Chapter 1: Civic Distance: Digital Culture’s Intrusion on Trust, Engagement, and Belonging
		The Insertion of Distance into Our Daily Lives: Cars as Platforms
		Social Media, Platforms, and Distance
		The Covid-19 Infodemic
		Civic Belonging in a Culture of Distance
		References
	Chapter 2: The Civic Media Observatory: Decoding Information Networks with Narrative Analysis
		Introduction
		The Problem
		The Method
		Outputs
		Workflow
		Civic Impact Scoring
		Case Study I: Covid-19 Investigation
		Case Study II: Myanmar Investigation
		References
	Chapter 3: Upholding Digital Rights and Media Plurality: Does Self-regulation by Social Media Platforms Contravene Freedom of Expression?
		Introduction
		Fake News and Media Plurality
		Freedom of Expression and Media Pluralism
		Regulating Online Safety
		Are Social Media Platforms Publishers?
		Looking to the Future
		Conclusion and Questions
		Appendix 1: The Facebook Oversight Board Members (2021)
		References
			Legislation
			Cases
	Chapter 4: Fake News Deconstructed Teens and Civic Engagement: Can Tomorrow’s Voters Spontaneously Become News Literate?
		Introduction
		Teens and Information
		Power Versus Meaning
		Digital Civic Engagement
		Motivational Reasoning and MIL Self-assessment
		Case Study Focus Group
		Media Literacy Against Disinformation: News Engagement—News Literacy
		Scaffolding: News for Adolescents
		Conclusions and Implications for Research and Practice
		References
	Chapter 5: Peace, Public Opinion and Disinformation in Colombia: Social Media and Its Role in the 2016 Plebiscite
		Colombia, the War and the Peace Processes
		La Havana Peace Agreement
			Social Networks and Disinformation in Colombia
		A Case Study: Colombia and the FARC-EP Peace Process
			Findings on the Frequency of Publications and Number of Tweets Issued
			Findings in Sentiment Analysis
			Findings of Message Analysis: Discourse, Emotions and Misinformation
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Radical Interventions: Archaeology, Forensics and Montage
		Poetics of Information: Weaving Meaning in a Fractured World
		Methodological Insights for Dismantling Misinformation: (An)archaeology, Forensic Imagination and Expanded Montage
			(An)archaeology
			Forensic Imagination
			Extended Montage
		The Monopoly of Memory and the Body Is an Archive: Archaeology and Embodiment
		Forensic Landscapes: Forensics and Aesthetics
		History-Telling as the Reimagination of the Horizons of Possibility
		References
Part II: ‘Fake News’, Conspiracy, Propaganda (Diagnosis)
	Part II Introduction: Julian McDougall
	Chapter 7: SAVE ME WHITE JESUS! Conspiracy and the Spectre of a Folkloric, Alt-right Masculine Ideal
		Invisible King of the Misinformed
		Blood, Sweat and No Tears
		Bring Back Manly Muppets
	Chapter 8: Fake News: Problems with—and Alternatives to—the Media Literacy Project
		A Literacy of Another Kind
		Case Study: University Tuition Fees in England
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Fact-Checking in Hong Kong: An Emerging Form of Journalism and Media Education Amid Political Turmoil
		Introduction
		The Rapid Development of Fact-Checking Journalism in Hong Kong
		Politicisation of Fact-Checking
		Impact (or the Lack Thereof) of Misinformation and Fact-Checking
		Fact-Checking as Part of Educational Intervention
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 10: Confronting Coronavirus Propaganda
		Blurry Distinctions Between Disinformation, Misinformation, and Propaganda
		How Educators Teach About Online Propaganda
		Platform and Artifact Features
		Research Methods and Findings
		Discussion
		References
Part III: Health, Science and Data (Diagnosis)
	Part III Introduction: Julian McDougall
	Chapter 11: Gaslighting: Fake Climate News and Big Carbon’s Network of Denial
		The Strategy: Hack Media Ecosystems with Discourses of Denial and Delay
			The Network of Denial and Delay
			Discourses of Denial
			Discourse of Delay
			Solutions Denial
		NetZero and Beyond
		References
	Chapter 12: Using Disparagement Humour to Deal with Health Misinformation Endorsers: A Case Study of China’s Shuanghuanglian Oral Liquid Incident
		Introduction
		Literature Review
		Case Study
		Analysis and Discussion
		References
	Chapter 13: Citizens’ Networks of Digital and Data Literacy
		Introduction
		Underpinning Research
		Digital and Data Literacy
		Citizens Data Literacy Networks
		Verifying Information
		Being Helped and Helping Others with Digital and Data Literacy
		Consequences and Future Directions: Networks of Data and Digital Literacy
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Re-thinking Media Literacy to Counter Misinformation
		Media Literacy: A “Complex Patchwork of Ideas”
		The Knowledge and Skills to Identify Misinformation
		From “Media Literacy” to “Misinformation Literacy”
		The Six Cs of Misinformation Literacy
			Context: Knowledge of the Contexts—Social, Cultural, Economic, Political, Informational and Events—in Which False and Accurate Information Are Produced
			Creation: Knowledge of the Types of People and Institutions Found to Create False and Accurate Information, Their Different Motivations and the Skills to Identify Those Who Produce Specific Information Online
			Content: Knowledge of the Difference Between Facts and Opinions, the Different Ways Information Can Mislead, and the Skills and Practices to Distinguish Accurate and Inaccurate Information
			Circulation: Knowledge of the Processes by Which Accurate and Inaccurate Information Circulate and What Drives People to Share Information
			Consumption: Knowledge of the Reasons We as Individuals May Believe False or Misleading Information to Be True
			Consequences: Knowledge of the Different Forms of Actual and Potential Harm Caused by Believing and Sharing False and Misleading Information
		Obstacles to Media and Misinformation Literacy in Schools
		Conclusions and Recommendations
			Governments, Public Figures and Institutions
			Education and Curriculum Authorities
			Media Leaders, Fact-Checkers, Media Literacy and Library Associations
			Social Media, Messaging and Search Platforms
			Researchers into Education and Misinformation
		References
	Chapter 15: Combatting Information Disorder: A South Asian Perspective
		Mahabharata and Misinformation
		Facebook and the Rohingyas
		Media Action
		References
Part IV: Journalism (Response)
	Part IV Introduction: Karen Fowler-Watt
	Chapter 16: The Unhealed Wound: Official and Unofficial Journalisms, Misinformation and Tribal Truth
		Introduction
		A Galaxy of Journalisms
		Victorian Liberal Journalism: Making Truth Fashionable and Profitable
		The Rise of Boomer Journalism
		The Boomer Way of Knowing
		Official and Unofficial Journalisms
		Intolerance and Censorship
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 17: What Happened Next?
	Chapter 18: The Agenda-Setting Power of Fake News
		Agenda-setting Theory in an Age of ‘Fake News’
		Trust in News
		An Unequal Digital Environment?
		News Literacy as ‘Inoculation’ Against Misinformation
		The Rise of News Literacy in the UK
		Reaching the Most Vulnerable Users
		The Scope of News Literacy Education
		Media Involvement in News Literacy
		An Uneven Response to an Unequal Problem?
		References
	Chapter 19: Can We Rebuild Broken Relationships? Examining Journalism, Social Media, and Trust in a Fractured Media Environment
		Context
		Trust and Related Concepts
			Objectivity
			Credibility
			Transparency
			Accuracy
		Trust, Journalism, and Social Media
		Case Study: The Trusting News Project
		Where Do We Go from Here?
		References
	Chapter 20: Images, Fakery and Verification
		Introduction
		The Inexorable Rise of the Image in Journalism
		How Images Are Driving Editorial Choice in the Attention Economy
		From Livestreamed Violence to Covid-19 Disinformation
		Concerns and Interventions
		Challenges for the Future
		References
Part V: Media Literacy (Response)
	Part V Introduction: Karen Fowler-Watt and Julian McDougall
	Chapter 21: Civic Intentionality First: A Tunisian Attempt at Creating Social Infrastructure for Youth Representation
		Conventional Approaches to Information Disorder
		Civic Media Literacy and Practice Responses
		Situating Boubli: An Instrument for Young People’s Self-Representation
		CMLP in Practice
			A Media-Transformative Approach
			Holding Space for Discussion and Distributed Ownership
			Pluralisation and Inclusivity
		References
	Chapter 22: South Island School—The Agence France Presse Affiliated News Unit
		Course Structure
			Exploring International Film Cultures: The Horror Genre
			The Changing Relationship Between Technology and Television: Media Convergence
			Learning to Fact-Check: The Video Essay Task
			Authentic Learning and Real Clients: The Client Commission
			Interactive Media, HTML, CSS and JavaScript: The Adventure Game
			Representational Discourse in the Music Industry: Music Video Essay
		Current Research/Practice or Interventions
		Case Study
		Challenges for the Future
		References
	Chapter 23: Intergenerational Approaches to Disinformation and Clickbait: Participatory Workshops as Co-learning-Based Spaces
		Information Disorders: From Information to Clickbait
		Methodologies and Context-Based Approach
		Participatory Workshops and Co-sharing of Daily Life Experiences
		Discussion and Future Perspectives
		References
	Chapter 24: Digital Media Literacy with Sati (Mindfulness): The Combining Approach Underlying the Thai Contexts
		Unpacking the Concept of Media, Information and Digital Literacy and Sati (Mindfulness)
		Looking Through the Conceptual Framework Development’s Findings
		Looking Through the Consequences and Further Discussion
		References
	Chapter 25: Media Literacy in the Infodemic
		Methods
		Synthesis
		Media Literacy in Covid Times
		References
Index