The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia

Foreword
	Gendering Islamophobia
	References
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
1: Introduction
	Introduction
		Part I
		Part II
		Part III
		Part IV
	References
2: Islamophobia as Intersectional Phenomenon
	Introduction
	Situating Islamophobia
	Initiating Intersectionality
	Muslim Women Matter
	Conclusion
	References
3: Political, Colonial, and Libidinal Economies of Gendered Islamophobia
	Introduction1
	The Colonial Global Economy of Gendered Islamophobia
		Globalised Islamophobic Racism in the Twenty-First Century
		Political Economies of Islamophobia
		A Colonial Global Economy Approach to Gendered Islamophobia
	The Libidinal Economy of Gendered Islamophobia
		From Political to Libidinal Economy
		Libidinal Economies of Race / Racism
		The Political, Colonial, and Libidinal Economies of Gendered Islamophobia
	Conclusion
	References
4: Gendered Islamophobic Securitisation and the Headscarf Conundrum in France and the Netherlands
	Introduction
	Securitisation of Islam and Muslims
	Gendered Islamophobia
	Discrimination and Attacks
	Discussion and Concluding Thoughts
		Terrorism, Republicanism, and the ‘Dangerous Arab’
		Gendered Aspects of Liberal and Far-Right Islamophobia
		The Way Ahead
	References
5: On White, Male Desires and Projections: Islamophobia and Patriarchy
	Introduction
	Decolonial Islamophobia Studies and the Demonstration of White Dominance
	Two Cases
		Case 1: Restoring White Power Through ‘White Sharia’1
		Case 2: Questioning ‘Terrorists’: The Operation Luxor
	Conclusion
	References
6: From Silent Majority to Safeguarding: Mapping the Representation of Muslim Women in UK Counterterrorism Policies
	Introduction
	Gendering the War on Terror
	The Changing Geopolitical Context of Prevent
	From Silent Majority to Safeguarding
	The Changing Political Landscape
		Phase 1: New Labour’s Paternalism, Liberal Islamophobia and Managed Migration
		Phase 2: Muscular Liberalism, Pre-crime Policy Making and the Rise of the Hostile Environment
		Phase 3: The Migration Crisis, Populism, and the Popular Rehabilitation of Racism
	Caught in the Conjuncture: Targeting Shamima Begum
	From Infantilisation to Demonisation
	Conclusion: From Home-Grown to Homeless
	References
7: Muslim Women, English Language, and Countering Violent Extremism
	Introduction
	The Politicisation of Gender
	Language Ideologies and Racialisation
	Language, Gender and Security in the UK
	Muslim Women, Lack of English, and the Threat of Radicalisation
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
8: Beyond the Bakwaas: Securitising Muslim Male Identities
	Introduction
	Positioning the Enemy
	The Indelible and Undeserving Foreigner: Citizenship, Human Rights, and Political Engagement
	Negotiating Spaces of Suspicion
	The ‘Acceptable Muslim Man’: The Co-opted Agent of the State
	The Limits of the Cultural Project
	Conclusion
	References
9: From Terrorists to Paedophiles: Investigating the Experience and Encounter of Islamophobia on Muslim Men in Contemporary Britain
	Introduction
	Methods and Approaches
	Conceiving Islamophobic Hate
	Geo-Politics and the ‘Double-Othering’ of Religion and Race
	From ‘Soldier Killers’ to ‘Terrorists’
	The Emergence of the ‘Muslim Paedo’
	Visibility and Identification
	The Gendered Experience of Muslim Men: Same But Different
	References
10: British Muslim Men, Stigma and Clothing Choices
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Muslimness, Ethnicity and Clothes
	The (Re)negotiation of the Lungi Qua Thobe
	The (In)visibility of the Funjabi and Thobe
	Conclusion
	References
11: Removal of the Niqab in Court: A Structural Barrier to Equality
	Introduction
	The Approach of the Courts to the Niqab in England and Wales
	The Approach of Courts in Other Jurisdictions
	Is the Ability to See the Face of a Witness Essential to a Fair Trial?
	Conclusion
	References
12: #HandsOffMyHijab: Muslim Women Writers Challenge Contemporary Islamophobia
	Introduction
	Contextualising Contemporary Islamophobia
	Suhaiymah Manzoor-Khan, Postcolonial Banter
	#HANDSOFFHERHIJAB
	Racialising Muslim Identity in the UK
	Female Muslim Resistance to British Media
	Conclusion: Changing the Narrative
	References
13: Islamophobic Hate Crime Towards Non-Muslim Men
	Introduction
	Hate Crime Post Brexit
	Research Methods
	Analysis
		Theme: Nature of Islamophobic Hate Crimes
		Theme: Triggers to Islamophobic hate crime
		Theme: Impacts of Islamophobic hate crime
		Theme: Reporting Incidents, Responses and Barriers to Islamophobic Hate
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
14: Spatialising Islamophobia: Responding to and Resisting Anti-Muslim Racism in Scotland
	Introduction
	Spatialising Islamophobia
	Introducing the Studies
	Embodied and Digital Islamophobia
	Gendered Islamophobia in Neighbourhoods, Communities, and Cities
	National and Global Gendered Islamophobia
	Conclusions: Resisting and Responding to Gendered Islamophobia
	References
15: In the Name of Muslim Women’s Right to Learn? A Case Study of Moroccan Migrant Mothers in the Belgian ‘Citizenisation’ Context
	Introduction
	‘Failed Integration’ of Muslim Women and Motherhood
	The Pathologisation of Marriage Migration and the Need to Save Muslim Women
	Understanding the Personal as Political: On Belonging, Migrant Motherhood and Integration
	Conclusion
	References
16: The Left, Liberalism and Gendered Islamophobia in France, and Belgium
	Introduction
	Liberal Islamophobia and Colonial Thought
	Feminism and Liberal Islamophobia
	France, Belgium and Liberal Gendered Islamophobia
	Conclusion
	References
17: “Men Come, and Men Go, But God Is and Remains”: Finnish Female Converts to Islam and Agency
	Introduction
	Female Converts to Islam vs. The Image of “The Oppressed and Voiceless Woman”
		The Legacy of Orientalism: Constructing Gendered Islamophobia
		Choosing Islam as an Act of Agency
	Conclusion
	References
18: ‘How can you be Muslim? You look like you’re Greek!’: Investigating Muslim Women’s Experiences of Islamophobia in Greece
	Introduction
	Greece in Context
	Gendered Islamophobia
	Islamophobia in Contemporary Greece
	Visibility, Dress and Islamic Attire: Gendered Islamophobia in Greece
	Stereotypes of Muslims: The Oppressed Muslim Women
	Stereotypes of Muslims: Islamic terrorism
	Not Just the Veil: Other Markers of Muslimness
	The Unique Problematisations of Islamic Attire
	Concluding Remarks
	References
19: “I Don’t Dress Like You”: Islamophobia Between the (In)Visible Violence Against Muslim Women in Italy, and Resilience Strategies
	Introduction
	About Islamophobia: Theoretical Framework and Methodological Issues
	Gendered Islamophobia: Between Intersectionality and Modest Fashion
	Muslim Women Between Fragility, (In)Visible Violence and Gender Rights Activism: A Focus on the Somali Community
	The Gaze of Islamophobia on the Body of Veiled Women: The Analysis of Interviews between Awareness and Resilience
	Conclusion
	References
20: Hindutva and the Muslim Problem: An Exploration of Gendered Islamophobia in India
	Introduction
	Gendered Islamophobia: A Framework
	Islamophobia in the Context of Hindutva
	Institutionalizing Islamophobia: The Great Muslim Erasure
	Islamophobia and the Muslim Woman
		The female body continues to be positioned as an object of ideological contestations, of culture, honor, freedom, or control with its ability to procreate and nurture the future generation. The Muslim female body is used as both a script and performance
	Islamophobia and the Muslim Man: The Love Jihad Conspiracy
	Concluding Discussion
	References
21: Hindutva, Muslim Women and Islamophobic Governance in India
	Introduction
	Hindutva’s Islamophobia
	Islamophobic Governance
	Islamophobia and Hindutva Modernity
	Conclusion
	References
22: “Expect It and Accept It: Coping with Islamophobia in The Canadian Medical Field”
	Theoretical Framework
	Coping
	Methodology
	Results
		Racist Incidents
		Naming Experiences
		Racist Slurs Come Out of The Blue
		Coping with Anti-Muslim Racism
		Peer Support
		Avoidance
		Faith
		Collegial Feedback
		Official Reporting
		Advocacy
		Gendered Responses to Coping?
	Conclusion
	References
23: An Unanticipated Methodological Crisis: (Forced) Adaptations to Online Qualitative Methodological Encounters, Disruptions and Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic for Researching Marginalized Individuals on Gendered Islamophobia in Canada
	Introduction
	My Qualitative Research Agenda
	Qualitative Methodological Challenges and Issues Encountered in the Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Social World
	Recruitment
		Data Collection & (Lack) of Rapport Building
		Reflexivity & Intersectionality
		Informed Consent & Ethical Dilemmas in the Context of the Pandemic
		Insider-Outsider Status
		Privacy Concerns & Ethical Issues
	Honorarium Distributions
		Anxiety & Online Fatigue
	Limitations of This Research
	Final Thoughts
	References
24: Two Different Countries, a Common Phenomenon: Comparative Study of Islamophobia in Turkey and Germany
	Introduction
	Islamophobia in Muslim-Majority Societies: Turkish Modernization and Historical Sources of Islamophobia
	Public Dimensions of Islamophobic Tendencies in Turkey: Headscarves and Mosque Discussions
	The Headscarf and the Historical Dimension of Public Limitation
	Mosque Controversies in Turkey
	Islamophobia in German Societies
	Biased Media Representation
	Headscarves and Public Limitations
	Mosque Restrictions and Public Limitations
	Controversies Around Mosques
	AfD, PEGIDA, and the Relationship with Islamophobia
	Conclusion
	References
		Websites
25: Why Being a Woman Matters When Countering Islamophobia in Australia
	Methodology
	Discussion—The Role of Gender
		Stereotypes of Muslim Women
		“We’re Islam in Their Eyes”: Greater Visibility and All That Comes with It
		Muslim Women Have a Distinct Style of Connecting with Non-Muslims Compared to Muslim Men
		There Are Some Topics About Which Only Muslim Women Should Speak, and Muslim Men Should Not
		Muslim Women Need to Reclaim the Space from Muslim Men
	Conclusion
	References
26: Dangerous Muslim Wombs and the Fear of Replacement: Experiences from Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand
	‘Breeders’ and Birth Rates
	How Did We Get Here? Settler-colonialism and the Rise of Population Panic
	Demographic Anxiety
	Global Demographic Fever-dreams
	Conclusion
	References
Index