The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World: Volume IV: Cyrene to Metapontion

Cover
The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World Volume IV: Cyrene to Metapontion
Copyright
Contents
Series Editors’ Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Contributors
Note to the Reader
chapter 1. Cyrene
	List of Illustrations
	List of Abbreviations
	1.1. Introduction
	1.2. Sources
		1.2.1. Textual Sources
		1.2.2. Archaeological Sources
	1.3. Natural Setting
	1.4. Material Culture
		1.4.1. Cyrenaica before the Arrival of the Greeks
		1.4.2. Foundation
			1.4.2.1. Literary Sources for the Foundation of Cyrene
			1.4.2.2. Epigraphic Evidence for the Foundation of Cyrene
			1.4.2.3. Analysis of the Textual Sources for the Foundation of Cyrene
			1.4.2.4. Literary Evidence for the Date of the Foundation of Cyrene
			1.4.2.5. Archaeological Evidence for the Foundation of Cyrene
			1.4.2.6. Conclusions about the Foundation of Cyrene
		1.4.3. Settlement Organization
			1.4.3.1. Layout of the City
			1.4.3.2. Springs of Apollo and Cyra and Sanctuary of Apollo
			1.4.3.3. Acropolis
			1.4.3.4. Agora
			1.4.3.5. Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone
			1.4.3.6. Temple of Lyceian Zeus
		1.4.4. Settlement Pattern
		1.4.5. Burial Customs
		1.4.6. Pottery
		1.4.7. Other Sites in Cyrenaica
	1.5. Political History
		1.5.1. Battus I and Cyrene’s Monarchy
		1.5.2. Arcesilas I and the Early Sixth Century
		1.5.3. Cyrene and Egypt
		1.5.4. Demonax and Political Reform
		1.5.5. Arcesilas III and Pheretima
		1.5.6. Battus IV
		1.5.7. Political Institutions in Cyrene
	1.6. Diplomatic History
	1.7. Legal History
	1.8. Economic History
		1.8.1. Natural Resources (Including Silphium)
		1.8.2. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
		1.8.3. Craft Production and Trade
		1.8.4. Coinage
	1.9. Familial/​Demographic History
	1.10. Social Customs and Institutions
	1.11. Religious Customs and Institutions
	1.12. Cultural History
	1.13. Conclusion
	Guide to Further Reading
	Gazetteer
	Bibliography
chapter 2. Delphi
	List of Illustrations
	List of Abbreviations
	2.1. Introduction
	2.2. Sources
	2.3. Natural Setting
	2.4. Material Culture
		2.4.1. Delphi before Apollo
		2.4.2. Apollo Sanctuary
			2.4.2.1. Development of the Apollo Sanctuary to the End of the Seventh Century
			2.4.2.2. Development of the Apollo Sanctuary in the Sixth Century
			2.4.2.3. Development of the Apollo Sanctuary to the 470s
		2.4.3. Sanctuary of Athena Pronaia
		2.4.4. Polis of Delphi
		2.4.5. Ceramic Assemblage
		2.4.6. Burial Types
	2.5. Religious Customs and Institutions
		2.5.1. Dedications
			2.5.1.1. Earliest Dedications (End of the Ninth to the Early Eighth Century): Bronze Tripods
			2.5.1.2. Dedications from the Eighth and Seventh Centuries
			2.5.1.3. Trends of Dedication in the Sixth and Early Fifth Centuries
		2.5.2. Divinities Worshiped at Delphi
		2.5.3. Oracle
			2.5.3.1. Consulting the Oracle
			2.5.3.2. Questions to and Responses fromthe Oracle
		2.5.4. Festivals
			2.5.4.1. Festivals in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries
			2.5.4.2. Festivals in the Sixth and Early Fifth Centuries
	2.6. Diplomatic History
		2.6.1. Eighth Century
		2.6.2. End of the Eighth Century
			2.6.2.1. Phlegyans
			2.6.2.2. Delphi and Crete
			2.6.2.3. Delphi and the Non-​Greek East
		2.6.3. Delphi and the Western Mediterranean in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries
		2.6.4. Colonization in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries
			2.6.4.1. Euboea
			2.6.4.2. Corinth
			2.6.4.3. Colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily
		2.6.5. Delphi and Communities within Greece in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries
			2.6.5.1. Sparta and Delphi
			2.6.5.2. Lelantine War
			2.6.5.3. Delphi and Athens in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries
			2.6.5.4. Delphi and the Tyrants
			2.6.5.5. Delphi and Lydian Kings
		2.6.6. Origins of the Amphictiony
		2.6.7. The First Sacred War
		2.6.8. Aftermath of the First Sacred War
		2.6.9. External Relations of Delphi in the Sixth Century
		2.6.10. Delphi and the Persian Wars
		2.6.11. Delphi at the End of the Archaic Period
	2.7. Political History
		2.7.1. Political History of Delphi in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries
		2.7.2. Political History of Delphi in the Sixth and Early Fifth Centuries
	2.8. Legal History
		2.8.1. Delphi’s Legal History in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries
		2.8.2. Delphi and Legislation in the Sixth and Early Fifth Centuries
	2.9. Economic History
		2.9.1. Economy of Delphi in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries
		2.9.2. Economy of Delphi in the Sixth and Early Fifth Centuries
		2.9.3. Development of Coinage
	2.10. Familial/​Demographic History
	2.11. Social Customs and Institutions
	2.12. Cultural History
	2.13. Conclusion
	Guide to Further Reading
	Appendix: Buildings and Significant Dedications at Delphi in the Archaic Period
	Gazetteer
	Bibliography
chapter 3. Macedonia
	List of Illustrations
	List of Abbreviations
	3.1. Introduction
		3.1.1. Defining Macedonia
			3.1.1.1. Western Macedonia
			3.1.1.2. Central Macedonia
			3.1.1.3. Chalcidice
			3.1.1.4. Routes into and out of Macedonia
		3.1.2. Writing the History of Macedonia
		3.1.3. Parameters
	3.2. Sources
		3.2.1. Material Evidence
		3.2.2. Textual Sources
			3.2.2.1. Literary Sources
			3.2.2.2. Epigraphic Sources
	3.3. Natural Setting
		3.3.1. Western Macedonia
		3.3.2. Central Macedonia
		3.3.3. Chalcidice
	3.4. Material Culture
		3.4.1. Myths of Mass Migrations and Transhumant Pastoralism in Early Macedonia
		3.4.2. “Colonization” and “Colonial Sites” in the Northern Aegean
			3.4.2.1. Torone
			3.4.2.2. Methone
			3.4.2.3. Mende
			3.4.2.4. Potidaea
			3.4.2.5. Thasos
			3.4.2.6. Chalcidians
			3.4.2.7. Phoenicians
			3.4.2.8. Conclusions
		3.4.3. Settlement Pattern: Introduction
		3.4.4. Settlement Pattern: Central Macedonia
			3.4.4.1. Late Bronze Age
			3.4.4.2. Early Iron Age
			3.4.4.3. Eighth through Sixth Centuries
			3.4.4.4. Early Fifth Century
		3.4.5. Settlement Pattern: Western Macedonia
		3.4.6. Settlement Pattern: Chalcidice
		3.4.7. Settlement Organization
			3.4.7.1. Transition from Tell to Trapeza
			3.4.7.2. Toumba, Karabournaki, and Nea Philadelphia (Central Macedonia)
			3.4.7.3. Assiros and Kastanas (Central Macedonia)
			3.4.7.4. Archontiko, Agrosykia, Giannitsa, Paralimni, Pella (Central Macedonia)
			3.4.7.5. Aegae (Central Macedonia)
			3.4.7.6. Dion (Central Macedonia)
			3.4.7.7. Aiani and Kozani (Western Macedonia)
			3.4.7.8. Olynthus (Chalcidice)
			3.4.7.9. General Observations
		3.4.8. Burial Customs
			3.4.8.1. Aegae (Central Macedonia)
			3.4.8.2. Aiani (Western Macedonia)
			3.4.8.3. Archontiko (Central Macedonia)
			3.4.8.4. Sindus (Central Macedonia)
			3.4.8.5. Agia Paraskevi (Chalcidice)
			3.4.8.6. Other Cemeteries with Elite Burials
			3.4.8.7. Age and Sex Ratios
			3.4.8.8. Similarities in Burial Practice across the Balkans and within Macedonia
			3.4.8.9. Geographic and Diachronic Variation in Burial Practices within Macedonia
			3.4.8.10. Significance of Mortuary Data
		3.4.9. Pottery
	3.5. Political History
		3.5.1. Herodotus and Thucydides on the Emergence of Temenid Macedonia
		3.5.2. Emergence and Expansion of the Temenid Kingdom up to the Arrival of the Persians in 512
			3.5.2.1. Temenids in Context
			3.5.2.2. Ethnogenesis
		3.5.3. Process and Chronology of Temenid Expansion
		3.5.4. Temenid Kingdom as a Dependency of Persia, 512–​479
			3.5.4.1. Arrival of the Persians, 512–​500
			3.5.4.2. Ionian Rebellion and Re-​establishment of Persian Control, 499–​480
			3.5.4.3. Xerxes’ Campaign of 480 and Its Aftermath, 480–​479
		3.5.5. Governance of the Temenid Kingdom
	3.6. Legal History
	3.7. Diplomatic History
		3.7.1. Genealogy as a Basis for Inter-​state Relations
		3.7.2. Macedonia and Athens
		3.7.3. Macedonian Army
	3.8. Economic History
		3.8.1. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
		3.8.2. Natural Resources
		3.8.3. Craft Production and Trade
		3.8.4. Coinage
	3.9. Familial/​Demographic History
	3.10. Social Customs and Institutions
	3.11. Religious Customs and Institutions
	3.12. Cultural History
		3.12.1. Written Culture
		3.12.2. Metalware
		3.12.3. Artistic Creation
	3.13. Conclusion
	Guide to Further Reading
	Gazetteer
	Bibliography
chapter 4. Massalia
	List of Illustrations
	List of Abbreviations
	4.1. Introduction
	4.2. Sources
		4.2.1. Textual Sources
		4.2.2. Archaeological Excavations and Surveys
	4.3. Natural Setting
	4.4. Material Culture
		4.4.1. Layout of the Site
		4.4.2. Foundation of Massalia
			4.4.2.1. Literary Sources
			4.4.2.2. Archaeological Evidence
		4.4.3. Settlement Organization
			4.4.3.1. Massalia in the First Half of the Sixth Century
			4.4.3.2. Massalia in the Second Half of the Sixth Century
		4.4.4. Foundation(s) of Massalia: Overview
		4.4.5. Public Structures: Agora, Acropolis, Port
		4.4.6. Settlement Pattern
		4.4.7. Pottery
		4.4.8. Funerary Practices
	4.5. Political History
	4.6. Legal History
	4.7. Economic History
		4.7.1. Natural Resources and Agriculture
		4.7.2. Craft Production
		4.7.3. Greek Traders in the Western Mediterranean in the Seventh and Sixth Centuries
		4.7.4. Emporia
			4.7.4.1. Saint Blaise
			4.7.4.2. Arles (Arelate)
			4.7.4.3. Lattes
			4.7.4.4. Agathe and Béziers
			4.7.4.5. Pech Maho
			4.7.4.6. Rhode
		4.7.5. Massaliot Trade and Viticulture
		4.7.6. Coinage
	4.8. Diplomatic History
		4.8.1. Massaliot Armed Forces
		4.8.2. Relations with the Indigenous Population
		4.8.3. Relations with Romans and Etruscans
		4.8.4. Relations with Carthage
	4.9. Family/​Demographic History
	4.10. Social Customs and Institutions
	4.11. Religious Customs and Institutions
		4.11.1. Deities Worshiped in Massalia
		4.11.2. Sanctuary Sites in Massalia
		4.11.3. Rites and Festivals
	4.12. Cultural History
		4.12.1. Epichoric Alphabet and Literacy
		4.12.2. Massaliot Writers
		4.12.3. Massaliot Architecture
	4.13. Conclusion
	Guide to Further Reading
	Gazetteer
	Bibliography
chapter 5. Metapontion
	List of Illustrations
	List of Abbreviations
	5.1. Introduction
	5.2. Sources
		5.2.1. Written Sources
		5.2.2. History of Investigation and Archaeological Exploration
			5.2.2.1. Archaeological Research at Metapontion prior to 1965
			5.2.2.2. Archaeological Research since 1965
		5.2.3. ICA Field Survey
	5.3. Natural Setting
	5.4. Material Culture
		5.4.1. Foundation
			5.4.1.1. Literary Evidence
			5.4.1.2. Archaeological Evidence
		5.4.2. Settlement Pattern
			5.4.2.1. Initial Phase of Settlement, c. 625–​c. 575
			5.4.2.2. Years of Golden Harvests, 575–​525
			5.4.2.3. Crisis and Response in the Chōra, 525–​475
			5.4.2.4. Reform and Revival, 475–​425
		5.4.3. Settlement Organization
			5.4.3.1. Initial Layout of the Asty, c. 625–​c. 575
			5.4.3.2. Regularization and Elaboration of the Asty, 575–​525
			5.4.3.3. (Re)building the Asty, 475–​425
		5.4.4. Burials
			5.4.4.1. Necropoleis
			5.4.4.2. Grave Types
			5.4.4.3. Crucinia Necropolis, Including the “1942 Tomb”
			5.4.4.4. Missing Males, Family Plots, and Family Trees
			5.4.4.5. Animal Burials
			5.4.4.6. Grave Goods and Grave Markers
		5.4.5. Pottery
	5.5. Political History
		5.5.1. The Geopolitical Background
		5.5.2. Governance
			5.5.2.1. Egalitarian Spirit
			5.5.2.2. A Tyrant in Metapontion
		5.5.3. Formal Divisions of the Population
	5.6. Legal History
	5.7. Diplomatic History
		5.7.1. Metapontion and Its Greek Neighbors to the North
		5.7.2. Metapontion and Its Greek Neighbors to the South
	5.8. Economic History
		5.8.1. Ancient Flora of the Metapontine Chōra
			5.8.1.1. Palaeobotanical and Palynological Investigations
			5.8.1.2. Cultivated Plants and Trees
		5.8.2. Ancient Fauna of the Metapontine Chōra
		5.8.3. Division of Arable Land in the Metapontine Chōra
		5.8.4. Agricultural Production: Exports and Imports
		5.8.5. Animal Husbandry
		5.8.6. Coinage
	5.9. Familial/​Demographic History
		5.9.1. Population
			5.9.1.1. Chōra
			5.9.1.2. Asty
		5.9.2. Demographic Characteristics of Metapontion’s Inhabitants
		5.9.3. Relationships between Greek Settlers and the Indigenous Population
	5.10. Social Customs
		5.10.1. Athletics
		5.10.2. Homosexual Activity
		5.10.3. Kosmēsis (Toilette) and Dress
		5.10.4. Literacy and Education
	5.11. Religious Customs and Institutions
		5.11.1. Principal Divinities
			5.11.1.1. Hera
			5.11.1.2. Artemis
			5.11.1.3. Apollo
			5.11.1.4. Zeus
			5.11.1.5. Other Deities
		5.11.2. Worship of Dionysus
			5.11.2.1. Dionysus
			5.11.2.2. Burials of Mystai
		5.11.3. Funerary Rites
	5.12. Cultural History
		5.12.1. Ekklēsiastērion as a Performance Space
		5.12.2. Sculpture
		5.12.3. Small-​Scale Metalwork
		5.12.4. Terracottas
		5.12.5. Pythagoras and Pythagoreans
	5.13. Conclusion
		5.13.1. Indigenous World
		5.13.2. Settlement of the Chōra
		5.13.3. Self-​Government
		5.13.4. Dividing the Land: Asty and Chōra
		5.13.5. Agriculture and Culture
		5.13.6. Metapontion and the Diffusion of Greek Culture in Italy
	Guide to Further Reading
	Gazetteer
	Bibliography
Index