The Oxford handbook of the word

(p. ii) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
(p. ii) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
	Edited by John R Taylor
(p. ii) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
(p. iii) The Oxford Handbook of the Word
	Edited by John R Taylor
(p. iii) The Oxford Handbook of the Word
(p. ix) List of Abbreviations
(p. ix) List of Abbreviations
	Edited by John R Taylor
(p. ix) List of Abbreviations
(p. ix) List of Abbreviations
(p. ix) List of Abbreviations
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
	Edited by John R Taylor
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
(p. xi) List of Contributors
Introduction
	Abstract and Keywords
1 Introduction
	John R Taylor
	Edited by John R Taylor
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
2 Identifying words
Introduction
Introduction
(p. 7) 3 Approaches to ‘the word’
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
4 Word as prototype
5 Are these words?
Introduction
6 Exhaustive analysis, no residues
Introduction
Introduction
7 Overview of the volume
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
	Notes:
Introduction
The Lure of Words
	Abstract and Keywords
	David Crystal
	Edited by John R Taylor
The Lure of Words
The Lure of Words
The Lure of Words
The Lure of Words
The Lure of Words
The Lure of Words
How Many Words Are There?
	Abstract and Keywords
2.1 Introduction
	Adam Kilgarriff
	Edited by John R Taylor
How Many Words Are There?
How Many Words Are There?
2.2 A little data
How Many Words Are There?
How Many Words Are There?
How Many Words Are There?
How Many Words Are There?
(p. 34) 2.3 Imports
	2.3.1 Restaurant English
How Many Words Are There?
	2.3.2 Naturalization
How Many Words Are There?
	2.3.3 Variants
(p. 36) 2.4 Conclusion
Words and Dictionaries
	Abstract and Keywords
3.1 Words and dictionaries
	Marc Alexander
	Edited by John R Taylor
Words and Dictionaries
(p. 38) 3.2 A brief history of dictionaries
Words and Dictionaries
Words and Dictionaries
3.3 Types of dictionary and word facts
Words and Dictionaries
	3.3.1 Languages
	3.3.2 Variety
	3.3.3 Audience
	3.3.4 Timespan
Words and Dictionaries
	(p. 42) 3.3.5 Format
	3.3.6 Specialization
Words and Dictionaries
Words and Dictionaries
Words and Dictionaries
3.4 Scholarly but commercial
Words and Dictionaries
Words and Dictionaries
3.5 Impartial but judicious
Words and Dictionaries
Words and Dictionaries
3.6 Artificial but natural
Words and Dictionaries
3.7 The future
Words and Dictionaries
Words and Dictionaries
	Notes:
Words and Thesauri
	Abstract and Keywords
4.1 What is a thesaurus?
	Christian Kay
	Edited by John R Taylor
Words and Thesauri
4.2 Historical overview
Words and Thesauri
4.3 What are we classifying, and why?
Words and Thesauri
	4.3.1 John Wilkins and universal languages
Words and Thesauri
Words and Thesauri
	4.3.2 After Wilkins
Words and Thesauri
Words and Thesauri
4.4 Synonymy
Words and Thesauri
Words and Thesauri
	4.4.1 What is a synonym?
Words and Thesauri
4.5 The bigger picture
Words and Thesauri
Words and Thesauri
Words and Thesauri
Abbreviations
Words and Thesauri
	Notes:
Word Frequencies
	Abstract and Keywords
5.1 Introduction
	C. Joseph Sorell
	Edited by John R Taylor
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
(p. 72) 5.2 Entropy and information
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
5.3 The Zipf–Mandelbrot model
Word Frequencies
5.4 A double distribution
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
5.5 Small worlds
Word Frequencies
5.6 A web with many spiders
Word Frequencies
5.7 Graded texts and entropy
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
5.8 Higher orders of entropy
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
Word Frequencies
(p. 87) 5.9 Grammar and n-grams
5.10 Journey to the centre of the core
Word Frequencies
5.11 Network upon network
Word Frequencies
Word Length
	Abstract and Keywords
6.1 Introduction: Length in linguistics
	Peter Grzybek
	Edited by John R Taylor
Word Length
6.2 Definitional aspects: The word and its measuring units
Word Length
	6.2.1 What is a word?
		6.2.1.1
Word Length
	6.2.1.2
	6.2.1.3
	6.2.2 Definition of measuring units
Word Length
Word Length
6.3 Material: Sample vs. text vs. corpus, word form vs. lemma, type vs. token
Word Length
Word Length
6.4 Descriptive characteristics: Object-related
Word Length
6.5 Model-related and theory-oriented approaches
Word Length
	6.5.1 From word-length spectra to theoretical frequency-distribution models
Word Length
Word Length
Word Length
Word Length
	6.5.2 Word-length relations
	6.5.3 Sequential analyses
		6.5.3.1 Word-length distances
Word Length
	6.5.3.2 Word-length n-grams
Word Length
	6.5.3.3 Word-length motifs
	6.5.4 Positional analyses
		6.5.4.1 Word-length dynamics in running sentences
Word Length
	6.5.4.2 Word-length dynamics in running text
	6.5.5 Interim summary
	6.5.6 Horizontal/collateral relations
Word Length
	(p. 107) 6.5.6.1 Word frequency ⇔ Word length
	6.5.6.2 Polysemy ⇔ Word length
Word Length
	6.5.6.3 Polytextuality ⇔ Word frequency
Word Length
	6.5.6.4 Synergetics: Word length and collateral relations
Word Length
Word Length
	(p. 111) 6.5.7 Vertical/hierarchical relations and the Menzerath–Altmann law
Word Length
	6.5.7.1 Word length ⇔ Syllable/morpheme length
Word Length
	6.5.7.2 Word length ⇔ Phoneme inventory size
Word Length
	6.5.7.3 Word length ⇔ Clause length ⇔ Sentence length
Word Length
Word Length
	6.5.8 Word length in an evolutionary perspective
Word Length
6.6 Practical aspects
Word Length
6.7 Conclusion
Word Length
	Notes:
Word Length
Multi-word Items
	Abstract and Keywords
7.1 Introduction
	Rosamund Moon
	Edited by John R Taylor
Multi-word Items
	7.1.1 Terminology
Multi-word Items
7.2 Criteria: the phraseology continuum
Multi-word Items
	(p. 123) 7.2.1 A note on variation
7.3 Multi-word items in theory and practice
Multi-word Items
Multi-word Items
7.4 Idioms
Multi-word Items
	7.4.1 Grammatical aspects
Multi-word Items
Multi-word Items
	7.4.2 Variation
Multi-word Items
Multi-word Items
(p. 130) 7.5 Proverbs, phrasal verbs, binomials, and similes
	7.5.1 Proverbs and proverbial sayings
Multi-word Items
	7.5.2 Phrasal verbs
Multi-word Items
Multi-word Items
	(p. 133) 7.5.3 Binomials and trinomials
	7.5.4 Similes
Multi-word Items
7.6 Formulae and formulaic items
	7.6.1 Formulae
Multi-word Items
	7.6.2 Defective phraseologies
Multi-word Items
	7.6.3 Phraseological frames
Multi-word Items
Multi-word Items
	7.6.4 Prefabs
7.7 Cross-linguistic aspects
Multi-word Items
Multi-word Items
	Notes:
Multi-word Items
Words and Their Neighbours
	Abstract and Keywords
	Michael Hoey
	Edited by John R Taylor
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
Words and Their Neighbours
	Notes:
The Structure of Words
	Abstract and Keywords
9.1 Introduction
	Geert E. Booij
	Edited by John R Taylor
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
9.2 Morphological classification
The Structure of Words
9.3 Morpheme order and hierarchical structure
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
9.4 Meaningless elements in word structure
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
9.5 Word structure and semantic interpretation
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
9.6 Word structure and the interface with phonology
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
(p. 172) 9.7 Loss of word-internal structure
9.8 Univerbation and grammaticalization
The Structure of Words
The Structure of Words
9.9 Suggestions for further reading
	Notes:
The Structure of Words
Word Categories
	Abstract and Keywords
10.1 Introduction
	Mark Smith
	Edited by John R Taylor
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
10.2 Subsective and intersective gradience in categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
10.3 Quirky properties
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
10.4 Lumping and splitting categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
10.5 Arbitrary and inconsistent categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
10.6 Categories from a cross-linguistic perspective
Word Categories
Word Categories
Word Categories
10.7 Conclusion
The Word and Syntax
	Abstract and Keywords
11.1 Introduction
	Nikolas Gisborne
	Edited by John R Taylor
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
11.2 Evidence from the passive participle
	(p. 198) 11.2.1 Passive participles and word formation
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
	11.2.2 The distribution of passive participles and other inflected elements
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
	11.2.3 Prepositional passives and lexicalism
The Word and Syntax
	11.2.4 Evaluating the facts about passive
11.3 The boundaries of grammar
The Word and Syntax
	(p. 209) 11.3.1 French pronominal affixes
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
	11.3.2 Noun incorporation
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
11.4 The theoretical stance
The Word and Syntax
The Word and Syntax
	Notes:
The Word and Syntax
The Prosodic Word
	Abstract and Keywords
12.1 Introduction
	Kristine A. Hildebrandt
	Edited by John R Taylor
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
12.2 Prosodic words: preliminaries and treatments
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
12.3 Prosodic words: diagnostics and types
	12.3.1 Preliminary considerations
The Prosodic Word
	12.3.2 Phonological rules
The Prosodic Word
	12.3.3 Phonotactic generalizations
The Prosodic Word
	12.3.4 Minimality and maximality
The Prosodic Word
	12.3.5 Stress, rhythm, and prosodic words
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
(p. 234) 12.4 Some contemporary issues and debates
	12.4.1 Prosodic words, grammatical words, and non-isomorphism
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
	12.4.2 Recursivity of prosodic domains and clitics
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
	12.4.3 Challenges to the prosodic hierarchy hypothesis
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
The Prosodic Word
12.5 Directions for future research
The Prosodic Word
	Notes:
The Word as a Universal Category
	Abstract and Keywords
13.1 Introduction
	Andrew Hippisley
	Edited by John R Taylor
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
13.2 The problem with words: A brief survey
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
13.3 Words as unreliable signs
	13.3.1 Words as symbols
The Word as a Universal Category
	13.3.2 Words as domains integrating lexical and morphosyntactic meaning
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
	13.3.2.1 What gets integrated
The Word as a Universal Category
	(p. 257) 13.3.3 Words as unambiguous signs
The Word as a Universal Category
	13.3.3.1 Exponent-base ambiguities
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
	13.3.3.2 Stem-based ambiguities
The Word as a Universal Category
(p. 260) 13.4 Words as unreliable interfacers
The Word as a Universal Category
13.5 Words and language universals
The Word as a Universal Category
	13.5.1 Language universal, different views
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
	13.5.2 Words are special
The Word as a Universal Category
	13.5.3 Words and the origins of language
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
The Word as a Universal Category
(p. 269) 13.6 Concluding remarks
The Word as a Universal Category
	Notes:
Taboo Words
	Abstract and Keywords
14.1 Introduction
	Kate Burridge
	Edited by John R Taylor
Taboo Words
Taboo Words
Taboo Words
14.2 Violating taboos
Taboo Words
14.3 Strategies for circumventing taboo
Taboo Words
Taboo Words
14.4 Taboo words raise gooseflesh
Taboo Words
Taboo Words
Taboo Words
Taboo Words
(p. 281) 14.5 Names and taboo words
Taboo Words
Taboo Words
Taboo Words
	Notes:
Sound Symbolism
	Abstract and Keywords
15.1 Introduction
	G. Tucker Childs
	Edited by John R Taylor
Sound Symbolism
15.2 Sound symbolism defined
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
	15.2.1 Studies of Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
15.3 Sound symbolism cross-linguistically
	15.3.1 English
Sound Symbolism
	(p. 296) 15.3.2 Asia
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
	15.3.3 Australia and the Pacific
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
	15.3.4 Africa
Sound Symbolism
	15.3.5 The Americas
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
	15.3.6 Summary
15.4 Outstanding issues
Sound Symbolism
	Notes:
Sound Symbolism
Sound Symbolism
Word Meanings
	Abstract and Keywords
16.1 Meaning as a pretheoretical and cross-linguistic category
	Nick Riemer
	Edited by John R Taylor
Word Meanings
Word Meanings
Word Meanings
16.2 Internalist and externalist approaches
Word Meanings
16.3 Meaning and reference
Word Meanings
16.4 Descriptive and expressive meaning
Word Meanings
Word Meanings
16.5 Meaning, communication, and the ‘language of thought’
Word Meanings
Word Meanings
16.6 Three theories of concepts
	16.6.1 Concepts as definitions
Word Meanings
Word Meanings
	16.6.2 Concepts as prototypes
Word Meanings
	16.6.3 Concepts as exemplars and simulations
Word Meanings
16.7 Polysemy, metaphor, and the limits of semantics
Word Meanings
Word Meanings
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
	Abstract and Keywords
17.1 Words as names
	Barbara C. Malt
	Edited by John R Taylor
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
17.2 Satisfying communication goals
	17.2.1 What information does the speaker want to convey?
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
	17.2.2 What is the addressee prepared to understand?
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
17.3 What names are available to choose among?
	17.3.1 Online memory processes and name choice
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
	17.3.2 Language histories
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
	17.3.3 Individual histories
Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties
17.4 Conclusion
Terminologies and Taxonomies
	Abstract and Keywords
18.1 Two opposing forces
	Marie-Claude L'Homme
	Edited by John R Taylor
Terminologies and Taxonomies
Terminologies and Taxonomies
18.2 Terms as means for naming specialized entities
Terminologies and Taxonomies
Terminologies and Taxonomies
Terminologies and Taxonomies
Terminologies and Taxonomies
(p. 340) 18.3 Terms as units of language
Terminologies and Taxonomies
	18.3.1 Terms are not the same for everyone
Terminologies and Taxonomies
	18.3.2 Some concepts are envisaged from different perspectives
	18.3.3 Concepts can change over time
Terminologies and Taxonomies
	18.3.4 Relations between concepts are diversified and complex
Terminologies and Taxonomies
	18.3.5 Variants do not occur accidentally
Terminologies and Taxonomies
Terminologies and Taxonomies
	(p. 347) 18.3.6 Knowledge is conveyed by different types of linguistic units
Terminologies and Taxonomies
	18.3.7 Polysemy and ambiguity
Terminologies and Taxonomies
	18.3.8 Terms do not reflect knowledge organization perfectly
Terminologies and Taxonomies
18.4 Concluding remarks
	Notes:
Terminologies and Taxonomies
Lexical Relations
	Abstract and Keywords
19.1 Introduction
	Christiane Fellbaum
	Edited by John R Taylor
Lexical Relations
Lexical Relations
19.2 Relations: lexical vs. conceptual-semantic
19.3 Two fundamental lexical relations among words
	19.3.1 Synonymy
	19.3.2 Polysemy
Lexical Relations
	19.3.2.1 Regular polysemy
Lexical Relations
	19.3.2.2 Less regular polysemy
	19.3.2.3 Metaphor
	19.3.3 The lexical matrix
Lexical Relations
Lexical Relations
19.4 Semantic-conceptual relations: paradigmatic
	19.4.1 Hyponymy
		19.4.1.1 Types, instances, and roles
Lexical Relations
	19.4.2 Meronymy
	19.4.3 Antonymy, contrast, semantic opposition
(p. 357) 19.5 Syntagmatic relations
Lexical Relations
	19.5.1 Selectional preferences and mutual information
19.6 Relations in lexical resources
Lexical Relations
19.7 WordNet: a lexicon based on relations
	(p. 359) 19.7.1 Relations among nouns in WordNet
	19.7.2 Relations among verbs in WordNet
Lexical Relations
	19.7.3 Relations among adjectives in WordNet
Lexical Relations
	19.7.4 Morphosemantic relations
	19.7.5 Automatic identification of related words in corpora
19.8 What is the evidence for relations?
Lexical Relations
	19.8.1 Psycholinguistic evidence
	19.8.2 Evocation
Lexical Relations
19.9 Relations in the lexicons of other languages
19.10 Conclusions
Lexical Relations
Acknowledgements
	Notes:
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
	Abstract and Keywords
20.1 Introduction
	Asifa Majid
	Edited by John R Taylor
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
20.2 Perception
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
20.3 The body
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
20.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
	Notes:
Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
	Abstract and Keywords
21.1 Introduction
	21.1.1 Approaches and attitudes to cultural meaning
	Cliff Goddard
	Edited by John R Taylor
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
	21.1.2 Methodological issues in cross-cultural semantics
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
(p. 386) 21.2 Cultural key words
	21.2.1 The ‘key word’ concept
		Cultural values and ideals
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
	“Sociality” concepts
	(p. 387) Ethnophilosophical terms
	Emotions
	Ethnopsychological constructs
	21.2.2 Sketches of two cultural key words (English, Chinese)
		Anglo English fair
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
	Chinese xiào ‘filial piety’
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
	21.2.3 Additional comments
21.3 Other culturally important words
	21.3.1 Social and interactional words
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
	Social categories, words for kinds of people
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
	21.3.2 Cultural semantics in unexpected places
		Cognitive verbs
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
	Ethnogeographical words
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
	21.3.3 Culture-specific semantic molecules
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
21.4 Other culture-related words
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
21.5 Discussion
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Acknowledgements
	Notes:
Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning
Etymology
	Abstract and Keywords
22.1 Introduction: etymology and words
	Philip Durkin
	Edited by John R Taylor
Etymology
22.2 A practical introduction to the core methods of etymology, through two short examples
Etymology
22.3 Teasing out core etymological methods from these examples
Etymology
Etymology
Etymology
22.4 Comparison and reconstruction
Etymology
Etymology
Etymology
Etymology
22.5 Words of unknown or uncertain etymology
Etymology
22.6 Lexical merger and lexical split, and other types of ‘messiness’ in the histories of words
Etymology
Etymology
Etymology
(p. 415) 22.7 Conclusions
	Notes:
Etymology
How Words and Vocabularies Change
	Abstract and Keywords
23.1 Introduction: lexical and vocabulary changes
	Dirk Geeraerts
	Edited by John R Taylor
How Words and Vocabularies Change
How Words and Vocabularies Change
How Words and Vocabularies Change
(p. 419) 23.2 Onomasiological mechanisms: lexicogenesis
How Words and Vocabularies Change
How Words and Vocabularies Change
How Words and Vocabularies Change
(p. 422) 23.3 Semasiological mechanisms: denotational changes
How Words and Vocabularies Change
How Words and Vocabularies Change
How Words and Vocabularies Change
How Words and Vocabularies Change
(p. 426) 23.4 Semasiological mechanisms: non-denotational changes
How Words and Vocabularies Change
How Words and Vocabularies Change
(p. 428) 23.5 Necrolexicology: vanishing words and meanings
How Words and Vocabularies Change
How Words and Vocabularies Change
23.6 Beyond mechanisms: interactions
How Words and Vocabularies Change
Lexical Borrowing
	Abstract and Keywords
24.1 Introduction
	Anthony P. Grant
	Edited by John R Taylor
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
24.2 Mechanisms and motivations for lexical borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
24.3 Adlexification, supralexification, relexification
Lexical Borrowing
24.4 Two cross-linguistic studies of lexical borrowing: Haspelmath and Tadmor (2009) and Brown (1999)
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
24.5 The diachronic value of lexical borrowings
Lexical Borrowing
24.6 Purism and lexical borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
24.7 Wider consequences of lexical borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
24.8 Conclusions
Appendix 223-Item Swadesh List
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Borrowing
	Notes:
Lexical Borrowing
Lexical Layers
	Abstract and Keywords
25.1 Introduction
	Margaret E. Winters
	Edited by John R Taylor
Lexical Layers
	25.1.1 Layering and contact
Lexical Layers
	25.1.2 Synchrony, diachrony, and their interaction
Lexical Layers
25.2 Kinds of contact
	25.2.1 Armed and political conquest
Lexical Layers
	25.2.2 Cultural conquest
Lexical Layers
Lexical Layers
	25.2.3 The influence of religion
Lexical Layers
	25.2.4 Adstrata
	(p. 453) 25.2.5 Fashion
Lexical Layers
25.3 The emergence of layers
Lexical Layers
Lexical Layers
25.4 Layers and their synchronic characteristics
	25.4.1 Phonological Consequences
Lexical Layers
Lexical Layers
	25.4.2 Speaker awareness
	25.4.3 Grammatical consequences
Lexical Layers
Lexical Layers
Lexical Layers
25.5 Conclusion
Lexical Layers
	Notes:
Word Associations
	Abstract and Keywords
26.1 Introduction
	Simon De Deyne and Gert Storms
	Edited by John R Taylor
Word Associations
Word Associations
Word Associations
26.2 Word association data sets
Word Associations
26.3 Composition and origins of word associations
Word Associations
	26.3.1 Theories of semantic memory and word associations
	26.3.2 Word associations as a manifestation of lexical co-occurrence
Word Associations
	26.3.3 Dual process and embodied accounts
Word Associations
26.4 Word association networks
Word Associations
Word Associations
	26.4.1 Lexical and semantic richness effects in terms of network centrality
Word Associations
Word Associations
	26.4.2 Global network properties, network growth, and spreading activation
Word Associations
Word Associations
Word Associations
Word Associations
Word Associations
26.5 Future directions
Word Associations
	Notes:
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
	Abstract and Keywords
27.1 Speech production mechanisms
	Niels O. Schiller and Rinus G. Verdonschot
	Edited by John R Taylor
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
27.2 Accessing morphologically complex forms
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
	(p. 488) 27.2.1 Representation of complex words
	27.2.2 Processing of complex words
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon
27.3 Conclusion
The Bilingual Lexicon
	Abstract and Keywords
28.1 Introduction
	John N. Williams
	Edited by John R Taylor
The Bilingual Lexicon
28.2 Comprehension processes
	28.2.1 Recognizing forms
The Bilingual Lexicon
The Bilingual Lexicon
	28.2.2 From form to meaning: a common conceptual code?
The Bilingual Lexicon
The Bilingual Lexicon
	28.2.3 Accessing meaning from form
The Bilingual Lexicon
	28.2.4 What meaning is accessed by L2 words?
The Bilingual Lexicon
The Bilingual Lexicon
	28.2.5 How can direct form–meaning connections be acquired?
The Bilingual Lexicon
28.3 Production
The Bilingual Lexicon
The Bilingual Lexicon
The Bilingual Lexicon
28.4 Conclusion
The Bilingual Lexicon
The Bilingual Lexicon
	Notes:
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
	Abstract and Keywords
29.1 Introduction
	Dennis Tay
	Edited by John R Taylor
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
(p. 509) 29.2 Defining, classifying, and identifying language disorders
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
29.3 The case of anomia
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
29.4 Words as signposts to other disorders: metaphors, seizures, and delusions
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
29.5 Patient metaphors and corpora
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
29.6 Conclusion
Words and Neuropsychological Disorders
	Notes:
First Words
	Abstract and Keywords
30.1 Introduction
	Eve V. Clark
	Edited by John R Taylor
First Words
30.2 Conceptual basis for early word meanings
First Words
(p. 523) 30.3 Early nouns and verbs
First Words
First Words
30.4 Pragmatics of early language use
First Words
First Words
30.5 Discerning intentions
First Words
(p. 528) 30.6 Early vocabularies
First Words
First Words
30.7 Lexical packaging
First Words
30.8 What is the vocabulary spurt?
First Words
30.9 Co-occurrence and collocation
First Words
30.10 Common ground and information flow
First Words
30.11 Adult feedback
First Words
30.12 Conclusion
First Words
How Infants Find Words
	Abstract and Keywords
31.1 Introduction
	Katharine Graf Estes
	Edited by John R Taylor
How Infants Find Words
31.2 Early use of known words to detect new words
How Infants Find Words
31.3 Learning from words in isolation
31.4 Detecting words at utterance edges
How Infants Find Words
31.5 Stress cues to word boundaries
How Infants Find Words
(p. 540) 31.6 Statistical cues to word boundaries
How Infants Find Words
31.7 Phonotactic cues
How Infants Find Words
31.8 Allophonic cues
31.9 Integrating word boundary markers
How Infants Find Words
How Infants Find Words
31.10 Learning meanings for segmented words
How Infants Find Words
How Infants Find Words
31.11 Word segmentation and vocabulary development
How Infants Find Words
How Infants Find Words
31.12 Conclusion
How Infants Find Words
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
	Abstract and Keywords
32.1 The original word game
	Reese M. Heitner
	Edited by John R Taylor
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
	Saint Augustine (354–430 ad)
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
	(p. 552) John Locke (1632–1704)
	Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
	(p. 553) Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
	(p. 554) W. V. O. Quine (1908–2000)
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
32.2 Language-specific speech perception: the issue
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
32.3 Language-specific speech perception: the game
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
(p. 563) 32.4 Language-specific speech perception: the problem
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
32.5 Language-specific speech perception: the experiment
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
32.6 The original word game: back to the future
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
(p. 567) Acknowledgements
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
	Notes:
Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’
Which Words Do You Need?
	Abstract and Keywords
33.1 Introduction
	Paul Nation
	Edited by John R Taylor
Which Words Do You Need?
33.2 Making word lists
Which Words Do You Need?
Which Words Do You Need?
33.3 Native speakers and second- or foreign-language learners
Which Words Do You Need?
33.4 Vocabulary levels
	33.4.1 High-frequency words
Which Words Do You Need?
	33.4.2 Mid-frequency words
	33.4.3 Academic words
Which Words Do You Need?
	33.4.4 Low-frequency words
Which Words Do You Need?
	33.4.5 Technical words
Which Words Do You Need?
33.5 Uses of word lists
	33.5.1 Word lists and vocabulary testing
Which Words Do You Need?
	(p. 577) 33.5.2 Word lists and text coverage
Which Words Do You Need?
	33.5.3 Word lists and the deliberate teaching and learning of vocabulary
Which Words Do You Need?
	33.5.4 Word lists and reaction-time studies
Which Words Do You Need?
	33.5.5 Word lists and research on word parts
	33.5.6 Word lists and curriculum design
Which Words Do You Need?
	Notes:
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
	Abstract and Keywords
34.1 Introduction
	Frank Boers
	Edited by John R Taylor
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
34.2 Prioritization
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
(p. 584) 34.3 Vocabulary acquisition as a by-product of message-focused communication
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
(p. 586) 34.4 Manipulating texts to enhance vocabulary uptake
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
34.5 Deliberate vocabulary learning
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
34.6 Hard words and words made harder
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
34.7 Beyond single words
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
34.8 Conclusion
Words in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Names
	Abstract and Keywords
35.1 Introduction
	John Anderson
	Edited by John R Taylor
Names
35.2 Names and parts of speech
Names
Names
35.3 The meaning of names
Names
Names
35.4 Names and nouns
Names
Names
35.5 Names, pronouns, and determiners
Names
Names
Names
35.6 Names in vocatives and nomination
Names
Names
35.7 Names and identification
Names
Names
35.8 Names as ‘entitatives’
Names
Names
35.9 Types of name
Names
Names
Personal Names
	Abstract and Keywords
36.1 Introduction
	Benjamin Blount
	Edited by John R Taylor
Personal Names
Personal Names
36.2 Basic properties of personal naming systems
Personal Names
36.3 Birth names
	36.3.1 Types of name given to children
Personal Names
Personal Names
	(p. 621) 36.3.2 Sources of birth names
Personal Names
	36.3.3 Open and fixed personal naming systems
Personal Names
	36.3.4 Religious sources for identity names in English
Personal Names
Personal Names
Personal Names
Personal Names
36.4 Surnames in English
Personal Names
(p. 627) 36.5 Name changes
Personal Names
Personal Names
36.6 Summing up and a further consideration of origins
Personal Names
Personal Names
Personal Names
Personal Names
Personal Names
Personal Names
Personal Names
Personal Names
	Notes:
Personal Names
Place and Other Names
	Abstract and Keywords
37.1 Introduction
	Carole Hough
	Edited by John R Taylor
Place and Other Names
37.2 Settlement names
	37.2.1 Languages
Place and Other Names
	37.2.2 Structures
Place and Other Names
Place and Other Names
Place and Other Names
Place and Other Names
	(p. 642) 37.2.3 Morphology
Place and Other Names
	37.2.4 Analogy
	37.2.5 Name changes
Place and Other Names
	37.2.6 Onomastic geography
Place and Other Names
	37.2.7 Early vocabulary
Place and Other Names
Place and Other Names
37.3 Names of natural features
	37.3.1 Island names
	37.3.2 Water names
Place and Other Names
	37.3.3 Hill names
37.4 Names of man-made structures
	37.4.1 Building names
	37.4.2 Road names
Place and Other Names
37.5 Conclusion
Place and Other Names
	Notes:
Place and Other Names
Nicknames
	Abstract and Keywords
38.1 Introduction
	Robert Kennedy
	Edited by John R Taylor
Nicknames
38.2 Definition and characteristics
Nicknames
Nicknames
38.3 Primary subtypes: phrasality, derivedness, and reference
Nicknames
	38.3.1 Phrasality
Nicknames
	38.3.2 Derivedness
Nicknames
	38.3.3 Reference
38.4 Morphosyntactic properties
Nicknames
	(p. 657) 38.4.1 Historical perspective on phrasal nicknames
Nicknames
Nicknames
38.5 Structural properties
	(p. 659) 38.5.1 Internally derived truncations
Nicknames
	38.5.2 Types of augmentation
	(p. 660) 38.5.3 Phonemic effects
Nicknames
	38.5.4 Underived or coined hypocoristics
	(p. 661) 38.5.5 Other hypocorisms
Nicknames
38.6 Semantic and sociolinguistic content in nicknames
(p. 662) 38.7 Sociolinguistic properties
	38.7.1 Affect, closeness, and power
Nicknames
	38.7.2 Contextual appropriateness
Nicknames
	(p. 664) 38.7.3 Gender effects
Nicknames
	(p. 665) 38.7.4 Folk linguistic beliefs
38.8 Discussion
Nicknames
	38.8.1 Toponymic nicknames
	38.8.2 Nicknaming in other languages
Nicknames
	38.8.3 Summary
Nicknames
	Notes:
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
	Abstract and Keywords
39.1 Names
	Cynthia Whissell
	Edited by John R Taylor
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.2 Parental choice
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.3 Fairies and trolls
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.4 The connection between sounds and feelings: tough and gentle sounds
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.5 Different ways of identifying the feelings in sounds
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.6 Boys and girls
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.7 Then and now
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
(p. 680) 39.8 Here and there
39.9 Names and nicknames
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.10 Cats and dogs
(p. 682) 39.11 Black and white
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.12 Names of fictional characters
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.13 Creative and unusual names
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
39.14 What’s in a name?
Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers’ Feelings Influence Their Selections
	Notes:
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
	Abstract and Keywords
Preamble
	Victor Raskin
	Edited by John R Taylor
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
40.1 Introduction
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
40.2 Attempts at definition of verbal humour
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
(p. 692) 40.3 Quasi-theories of humour
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
40.4 Real theory
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
40.5 Jokes
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
Funny Words: Verbal Humour
Word Puzzles
	Abstract and Keywords
41.1 Introduction
	Henk J. Verkuyl
	Edited by John R Taylor
Word Puzzles
(p. 703) 41.2 What counts as a word (in puzzling)?
	41.2.1 Word and morpheme
	41.2.2 Compounding
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
(p. 706) 41.3 What counts as puzzling (in word puzzling)?
	41.3.1 Knowledge
Word Puzzles
	41.3.2 Ingenuity
Word Puzzles
	41.3.3 The sense of beauty
Word Puzzles
41.4 Flats, forms, and crosswords
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
41.5 Comparing the English and the Dutch crossword
	41.5.1 Some history
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
	41.5.2 Diverging developments
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
	41.5.3 Cryptogrammar
	(p. 715) 41.5.4 Semantic relations between clue and answer
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
	41.5.5 Associations
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
	41.5.6 Cryptotypes
Word Puzzles
Word Puzzles
	41.5.7 The real difference
Word Puzzles
41.6 Conclusion
Word Puzzles
	Notes:
Word Puzzles
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	Abstract and Keywords
42.1 Introduction: the troublesome notion of ‘word’
	Alison Wray
	Edited by John R Taylor
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	42.1.1 Why does it matter what the word is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	42.1.2 Doubt about the reliability of ‘word’ as a concept
42.2 What happens when we try to pin down the concept ‘word’?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
42.3 Our intuition about the word
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	42.3.1 Orthography and intuition
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	42.3.2 The influence of orthography on linguistic analysis
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
42.4 The vagueness of wordhood
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	42.4.1 The company words keep
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	42.4.2 The orthographic word as a unit in research
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	42.4.3 What frequency measures signify
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	42.4.3.1 Invisible words
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	(p. 742) 42.4.3.2 Never the same word twice
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
42.5 Where individual knowledge and the external language meet
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
(p. 748) 42.6 All words are equal, but some are more equal than others
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
(p. 750) 42.7 Conclusion
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
	Notes:
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
Why Are We So Sure We Know What a Word Is?
(p. 751) References
(p. 751) References
	Edited by John R Taylor
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(p. 853) Index of Languages
(p. 853) Index of Languages
	Edited by John R Taylor
(p. 853) Index of Languages
(p. 853) Index of Languages
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
	Edited by John R Taylor
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 855) Subject Index
(p. 865) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
(p. 865) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
	Edited by John R Taylor
(p. 865) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics
(p. 865) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics