The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics

Cover\nThe oxford handbook of PUBLIC HEALTH ETHICS\nCopyright\nDedication\nAcknowledgments\nContents\nVolume Editors\nSection Editors\nContributors\nPublic Health Ethics: An Introduction and Overview\n	References\nPart One: FOUNDATIONS\n	Section One: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS, ETHICAL TENSIONS, AND ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS\n		Chapter 1: An Overview of Conceptual Foundations, Ethical Tensions, and Ethical Frameworks in Public Health\n			Introduction\n			Consequentialism and Public Health\n			Deontology and Public Health\n			Social Justice and Public Health\n			Human Rights and Public Health\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 2: Distinctive Challenges of Public Health Ethics\n			Introduction\n			The Four Characteristics of Public Health and Their Related Ethical Challenges\n			The Scope of Public Health\n			The Boundaries of Public Health\n			Conclusion\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n		Chapter 3: Public Health Programs and Policies: Ethical Justifications\n			Introduction\n			Overall Benefit\n			Collective Action and Efficiency\n			Fairness in the Distribution of Burdens\n			The Harm Principle\n			Paternalism\n			A Central Task of Public Health Ethics: Providing a Complete Moral Picture of What Is at Stake\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n			Further Reading\n		Chapter 4: Justice and Public Health\n			Introduction\n			What Should We Measure?: Metrics of Justice\n				Resources\n				Capabilities\n				Welfare\n			Who Should Get What? Principles of Distributive Justice\n				Noncorrelative Principles\n					Maximization\n					Prioritarianism: Priority to the Worst Off\n					Egalitarianism\n					Sufficientarianism\n				Correlative Principles\n					Contribution\n					Effort\n					Tradition\n				Combining Principles\n			What Else Matters? Individual Rights and Constraints on Distributive Justice\n			Where Does Justice Apply?: Global Justice and the Scope of Justice\n			What Conduct Does Justice Evaluate?: The Site of Justice\n			Who Decides?: Resolving Disagreements about Justice\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 5: Human Rights and Public Health Ethics\n			Introduction\n			The Nature and Grounds of Human Rights\n			The Nature of Basic Health\n			The Human Right to Basic Health\n			Addressing Some Skepticisms Regarding the Right to Health\n			Some Implications for Public Health\n			Conclusion\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n	Section Two: HOW PUBLIC HEALTH DOES ITS WORK\n		Chapter 6: An Overview of Ethicsand How PublicHealth Does Its Work\n			Introduction\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 7: The US Public Health System and Ethics\n			What Governmental Public Health Is and What It Does\n			Defining the Terms and the Mission of Public Health\n			Public Health Infrastructure in the United States\n			Ethics and the Public Health System\n				Ethical Issues in Pandemic Influenza Planning\n			Conclusion\n			Note\n			References\n			Further Reading\n		Chapter 8: Public Health Interventions: Ethical Implications\n			Definitions and Distinctions\n			Educational and Environmental Interventions\n			Key Ethical Concerns in Chronic Disease Control\n				Harms\n					Stigma\n					Opportunity Costs\n					Threats to Individual Liberties\n				Justice\n				Free Riders and the Dilemmas in Social Solidarity\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 9: The Intersection of Law, Ethics, and Public Health in the United States\n			An Introduction to Public Health Law\n				Defining Public Health Law\n				Health Care Law Compared to Public Health Law\n				Using Law as a Tool to Improve Health\n				Sources and Scope of Public Health Law in the United States\n				The Interplay between Law and Ethics\n			Public Health Law in Action\n				Control of Infectious Diseases\n				Tobacco\n				Obesity\n			Conclusion\n			Notes\n			References\nPart Two: PUBLIC HEALTH TOPICS\n	Section Three: HEALTH SYSTEMS AND PUBLIC HEALTH\n		Chapter 10: An Overview of the Ethics of Health Systems\n			Introduction\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 11: Health Systems Stewardship, Governance, and Accountability: Issues of Public Health Ethics\n			Stewardship in Relation to Governance and Government\n			Stewardship as Ethically Conscientious Governance\n			Accountability for Governments and Governance\n			Issues of Public Health Ethics in the Accountability of Health Systems Stewards\n				States\n					Enforcement Powers\n					The Work of Agencies or Ministries\n				Intergovernmental Bodies\n					The WHO\n					The World Bank\n				Extragovernmental Bodies\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n		Chapter 12: Global Human Resources for Health: Ethical Aspects\n			Introduction\n				Increasing Demand for Human Resources for Health\n				Influences on the Supply of Global Human Resources for Health\n				Strategies Proposed to Improve Global Human Resources for Health\n			Key Ethical Aspects of National HRH Strategies\n				Equity\n					Equity and Human Resources for Health\n					Equity and Public versus Private Provision\n				Ethical Problems of Task-Delegation in Human Resources for Health\n					Quality of Care\n					Privacy and Confidentiality\n				Fairness to Health Workers\n					Personnel Policies and Practices\n					Safe and Professional Environment\n			Ethics and the International Market for Health Personnel\n				Push Factors\n				Pull Factors\n				Global Conventions\n					The Montreal Convention\n					The WHO Global Code of Practice on International Recruitment of Health Personnel\n				Toward Implementing the Global Conventions\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 13: Health Systems Research Ethics: Public Health Perspectives\n			Introduction\n			Application of Traditional Bioethics Principles in HSR\n				Respect for Persons\n				Beneficence\n				Justice\n					HSR and Global Justice\n					Ethical Considerations in HSR Relating to Global Justice\n			A Nuanced Ethical Framework for HSR\n				Citizen Engagement\n				Collaboration and Partnership with Research Users\n				Promoting Sustainable Research Translation\n				Additional Ethical Commitments\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n		Chapter 14: The Learning Health Care System and Ethics: Challenges and Opportunities\n			Introduction\n				Defining Characteristics of a Learning Health Care System\n				Examples of Activities Consistent with a Transition to a Learning Health Care System\n			Moral Justification for Learning Health Care Systems\n			Ethical Challenges for Learning Health Care Systems\n				Continuous Data Generation\n				Transparency\n				Data Interoperability\n				The Research-Practice Distinction and Ethics Oversight in the Learning Health Care System\n			Ethical Guidance for Learning Health Care Systems\n				General Ethical Guidance\n				Ethical Oversight for Activities Designed as Both Practice and Research\n			Conclusion\n			Note\n			References\n	Section Four: NEEDS AND ISSUES RELATED TO PARTICULAR POPULATIONS\n		Chapter 15: An Overview of Ethics Issues for Public Health in Particular Populations\n			Introduction\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 16: Aging Populations and Public Health Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Defining the Elderly Population: Realities and Perceptions\n			Identifying Public Health Goals and Benefits for Elderly Populations\n				Healthy Aging\n				Health Equity in Aging\n				Life Extension\n			Ethical Challenges in Pursuing Public Health Goals\n				Protection from Harm and Promotion of Well-Being\n				Respecting Autonomous Choices\n				Justice\n			Future Directions for Public Health Efforts: The Clinical and the Social\n			References\n		Chapter 17: Children, Adolescents, and Public Health: Ethical Considerations\n			Introduction\n			Children and Adolescents\n				Disenfranchisement and Lack of Social and Economic Power\n				Stewardship and Ownership: The Rights and Duties of Parents\n				Presumption of Incapacity\n			Public Health Challenges\n				Health Information and Health Promotion for Children and Adolescents\n				Access to Confidential Health Services for Adolescents\n				Failures of Stewardship\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 18: Ethics in Mental Health Care: A Public Health Perspective\n			Introduction\n				Epidemiology of Mental Illness\n				Compounded Disparities\n			A Brief History of Mental Health Policy in the United States\n				Emergence of the Psychiatric Hospital as the Model of Care\n				Deinstitutionalization\n				Individuals’ Rights versus Treatment Needs\n			Ethical Principles for Contemporary Mental Health Policy\n			Three Ethical Challenges\n				Justice, Access, and Utilization of Services and Supports\n				Preventing Harm\n				Privacy and Relational Autonomy\n			Conclusion\n			Notes\n			References\n			Further Reading\n		Chapter 19: Persons with Disabilities and Public Health Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Disability and Public Health: Historical Perspectives\n				Implications for Public Health\n			Conceptual Frameworks and Approaches to Disability\n				Medical Model\n				Social Model\n				Legal Framework\n					Nondiscrimination, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and Related Laws\n					Laws Relating to Health Care for Persons with Disabilities\n					Public Health Law and Policy Relating to Persons with Disabilities\n				Ethical Dimensions of Public Health Approaches\n					Expanding Access to Public Health Programs\n					Addressing Implicit and Structural Biases\n					Empowerment and Procedural Justice\n				Conclusion\n				Notes\n				References\n				Further Reading\n		Chapter 20: Sexual and Gender Minorities, Public Health, and Ethics\n			Introduction\n			The Sexual and Gender Minority Framework: Defining the Landscape\n			Health Disparities and Inequities of Sexual and Gender Minorities\n			Public Health Research and the Challenge of Context\n			Stigma, Criminalization, and the Risk-Benefit Ratio\n			Case Study: HIV/AIDS\n			Best Practices for Gender and Sexual Minority Health\n			References\n		Chapter 21: Public Health in the Context of Migration: Ethics Issues Related to Immigrants and Refugees\n			Introduction\n			Types of Immigrants\n				Normative Positions\n			Ethical Issues in the Migrant’s Journey\n				Ethics in Migration: Freedom of Movement and Human Rights\n				Ethics at the Border: Open and Closed Borders\n				Ethics in the Destination Country: Communitarian Obligations to Noncitizens\n			Public Health Issues in the Migrant’s Journey\n				Public Health in Migration: Immigrant Detention\n				Public Health at the Border: Immigrant Health Screening\n				Public Health in the Destination Country: Undocumented Immigrants and Publicly Funded Health Care in the United States\n			Conclusion\n			Note\n			References\n	Section Five: HEALTH DISPARITIES\n		Chapter 22: An Overview of Health Disparities in the Context of Public Health Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Chapter Overviews\n				Ethics, Social Justice, and the Reduction of Health Disparities\n				Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities\n				Conflicts between Reducing Health Disparities and Advancing Population Health\n				Measuring Health Inequities\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 23: Health Disparities and the Social Determinants of Health: Ethical and Social Justice Issues\n			Introduction\n			Epidemiology and the Social Determinants of Health\n				Social Gradient in Health\n				Social Determinants of Health and the Health Gradient\n			Obligations to Address Health Disparities and SDOH\n				Health and Distributive Justice\n			Social Justice Theory\n				Global Health Disparities and Global Social Determinants of Health\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 24: Racial and Ethnic Disparities as a Public Health Ethics Issue\n			Introduction\n			Health Disparities and Public Health Policy\n			Public Health Ethics in the Era of Black Lives Matter\n			Have We Made Progress?\n			Social Movements and a Moral Foundation: Pillars of Public Health\n			Toward a New Generation of Health Disparities Research\n			Conclusion\n			Acknowledgment\n			References\n		Chapter 25: Reconciling Two Ethics Goals of Public Health: Reducing Health Disparities and Improving Population Health\n			Introduction\n			Race and Gender Inequities Illustrated\n				Inequity in Access by Race\n				Health Inequity from the Experience of Racism\n				Health Inequity from Institutional Racism\n				Gender Inequity in the HIV/AIDS Epidemic\n			Encounters with Unsolved Rationing Problems\n			How Much Priority Should Be Given to Reducing Existing Health Inequities?\n			Improving Health at the Expense of Exacerbating Inequities\n			The Complexity of Inequality Itself\n			Reasonable Disagreements and Accountability for Reasonableness\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n		Chapter 26: Measuring Health Inequity: A Public Health Ethics Inquiry\n			Introduction\n			Definition\n			Operationalization\n			Quantification\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n	Section Six: DATA COLLECTION\n		Chapter 27: An Overview of Ethics and Public Health Data Collection\n			Introduction\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 28: Public Health Surveillance: Ethical Considerations\n			Introduction\n				The Values of Public Health\n			Ethical Drivers for the Development and Implementation of Public Health Surveillance Systems\n				Public Health Surveillance System Design\n				Collection and Collation of Data\n				Analysis and Interpretation of Data\n				Use and Dissemination of Data\n			Ethics and Advances in Public Health Surveillance\n				Technological Advances\n				Public Health Preparedness and Biosurveillance\n				Nonstate Actors\n			Ethical Review of Public Health Surveillance Systems\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 29: Framing Public Health Research Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Distinguishing Public Health Research from Practice\n				Intent\n				Experimentation\n			Community as Stakeholder\n				Respect for Persons/Respect for Community\n				Risks and Potential Benefits to Communities\n				Justice/Social Justice\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 30: Community-Based Participatory Research: Ethical Considerations\n			Introduction\n			Evolution and Practical Challenges of CBPR\n				Practical Challenges\n			The Ethical Promise and Challenges of CBPR\n				Harms\n				Respect for Community Autonomy\n			Unresolved Ethical Issues in the Conduct of CBPR\n				Legitimated Representation\n				Scope of Responsibilities\n				Issues in Research Design\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 31: Navigating the Ethics of Big Data in Public Health\n			Introduction\n			The Big Data Phenomenon and its Potential for Public Health\n				Big Data from the Health Care System\n				Big Data beyond the Health Care System\n			Key Ethical Challenges\n				Privacy\n				Control of Data and Data Sharing\n				Nonstate Actors in Public Health\n				Harm Mitigation\n				Fair Distribution of Benefits\n				Civic Empowerment\n				Accountability\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n	Section Seven: SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH\n		Chapter 32: An Overview of Sexual and Reproductive Health in the Context of Public Health Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Ethical Complexities\n				Social Justice\n				Contested Views of Harms and Benefits\n				Self-determination\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 33: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND ETHICS\n			Introduction\n				STI Control Practices: Balancing Individual Liberty and Population Health\n					The Harm Principle\n					Mandatory Reporting and Contact Tracing\n					HPV and School Vaccination Mandates\n					Criminalizing HIV Transmission\n			Social Justice and Human Rights\n				STI-Related Health Disparities\n				A Human Rights Framework for STIs\n			Summary and Recommendations\n			Notes\n			References\n		Chapter 34: Contraception and Public Health Ethics\n			Introduction\n			The Three Ethical Principles\n				Respect for Persons\n					Application in Service Delivery\n					Application in Research\n					Issues and Consequences\n				Beneficence\n					Application in Service Delivery\n					Application in Research\n					Issues and Consequences\n				Distributive Justice\n					Application in Service Delivery\n					Application in Research\n					Issues and Consequences\n			Conclusions\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n		Chapter 35: Abortion and Public Health Ethics\n			Unsafe Abortion: A Global Public Health Challenge\n				Magnitude of the Problem\n				Inequity, Injustice, and Women’s Voices\n				International Consensus\n				Preventing Unsafe Abortion: The Practical and Economic Rationale\n			Abortion at the Intersection of Morality, Religion, Law, and Human Rights\n			Public Health Actions\n				Inaction Is Not an Ethical Option\n				Four Components of an Ethical Public Health Strategy\n					Reducing the Need for Abortion\n					Where Abortion Is Not Against the Law, It Should Be Safe\n					Access to Treatment for Abortion Complications\n					Post-abortion Care\n			An Ethical and Social Duty for the Public Health Community\n			References\n		Chapter 36: Access to Pregnancy-Related Services: Public Health Ethics Issues\n			Introduction\n			Pregnancy: Access to Prenatal Testing\n			Birth: Access to Maternity Care Options\n			Conclusion\n			Notes\n			References\n	Section Eight: COMMUNICABLE DISEASES\n		Chapter 37: An Overview of Ethics, Public Health, and Communicable Diseases\n			Introduction\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 38: Immunization and Ethics: Beneficence, Coercion, Public Health, and the State\n			Introduction\n			Historical Overview of Vaccination Ethics, Law, and Policy\n			The Ethics of Compulsory Vaccination\n				Nonmedical Exemptions to Compulsory Immunization\n				Compulsory HPV Immunization of Middle-School Students\n				Health Care Workers and Mandatory Flu Immunization\n			Vaccine Scarcity and Rationing\n			Compensation for Vaccine Injuries\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 39: Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Ethical Challenges\n			Introduction\n			Background on TB\n			Ethical Challenges\n				Isolation and Involuntary Isolation\n				Third-Party Notification\n				Implementing New Antituberculars: Bedaquiline and Delamanid\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n		Chapter 40: Control of Mosquito-Borne Illnesses: A Challenge to Public Health Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Ethics and Public Health Interventions Targeting Mosquito-Borne Illnesses\n				Surveillance\n				Provision of Insecticide-Treated Nets\n				Spraying of Aerial Pesticides\n				Introduction of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes\n			Case Study: Zika Virus\n				Unknown Safety of Insect Repellants during Pregnancy\n				Reducing the Number of Births\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n		Chapter 41: Global HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment: Public Health Ethics Considerations\n			Introduction\n			Testing Absent Effective Treatment: The 1980s\n			AZT and HAART: The 1990s and 2000s\n			Today: Global HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention\n			Conclusion\n			References\n	Section Nine: NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES\n		Chapter 42: An Overview of Ethics, Public Health, and Noncommunicable Diseases\n			Introduction\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 43: Tobacco as a Matter of Public Health: Ethical Issues\n			Introduction\n			Background\n				Tobacco and Its Health Effects\n				Tobacco as a Global Issue\n				Inequality: Smoking and Disadvantage\n			Normative Grounds for Government Attempts to Reduce Tobacco Consumption\n				Protecting Smokers\n				Protecting Third Parties\n			Ethical Issues Arising in Relation to Specific Strategies for Preventing Tobacco-Related Harms\n				Restrictions on Use\n				Restrictions on Sale\n				Marketing Restrictions\n				Price Policies and Taxation\n				Incentives\n				Cessation Aids\n				Education and Cessation Advice\n				Denormalization and Stigma\n			Conclusion\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n		Chapter 44: Alcohol and Other Drugs: Public Health Ethics Issues\n			Introduction\n			The Epidemiology of Harmful AOD Use\n			Why Averting Harmful AOD Use Promotes Justice\n			The Role of Personal Responsibility\n			Prevention through Screening, Education, and Awareness\n			Treatment\n			Coercion and Law Enforcement\n			Harm Reduction\n			Legalization, Taxation, and Regulation\n			Conclusion\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n		Chapter 45: Global Public Health, Noncommunicable Diseases, and Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Prioritization and Resource Allocation: NCDs as a Development Issue\n			Issues of Responsibility in the Framing of NCDs and Prevention Responses\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 46: Treating Canceras a Public HealthEthics Issue\n			Introduction\n			Disparities, Social Justice, and Cancer in the United States\n				Equity in Community Interventions\n				Equity and Cancer Treatment\n			Ethics and Cancer Screening\n				Autonomy and Medical Paternalism\n			Moving Forward\n			References\n	Section Ten: FOOD, WATER, AND NUTRITION\n		Chapter 47: An Overview of Ethical Issues in Food, Water, and Nutrition in Public Health\n			Introduction\n			Food and Nutrition\n				Malnutrition\n				Undernutrition\n				Overweight and Obesity\n			Water\n				Burdens on Health and Nutrition\n			Public Health Ethics\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 48: Water, Justice, and Public Health\n			Introduction\n			Water and Theoretical Approaches to Public Health Ethics\n			Scarcity and the Problem of Common-Pool Resources\n			Global Commodification, Governance, and Control over Resources\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n		Chapter 49: Malnutrition, Public Health, and Ethics\n			Introduction\n			The Landscape of Malnutrition\n				Defining the Different Forms of Malnutrition\n				Undernutrition: The Burden of Stunting and Wasting\n				Overweight and Obesity and Noncommunicable Diseases\n				Why Nutrition Matters for Public Health\n			Reacting in the Present: A Moral Obligation to Act\n				Beneficence: Justifying Priorities\n				Everybody’s Business, Nobody’s Responsibility: Cooperation across Sectors to Address Stunting\n				Allocation Decisions to Address Malnutrition and Convergence of Actions\n				The Growing NCD Burden on Society’s Watch\n			Learning from the Past: The Unknown Behaviors of Genes\n				Epigenetics and the Fetal Origins Hypothesis: A Double Fate\n				Nonmaleficence and Justice: Framing the Science of Epigenetics\n			Looking to the Future: Do People Have the Right to Eat Wrongly?\n				The Inequities of Diets around the World\n				Justice: Those Who Suffer the Consequences of Diet Choices\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n		Chapter 50: Obesity Prevention and Promotion of Good Nutrition: Public Health Ethics Issues\n			Introduction\n			Explanations of Unhealthy Eating and Obesity\n			Obesity Prevention Efforts\n			Ethical Concerns with Obesity Efforts\n				Justice, Equality, and Fairness\n				Stigma and Moral Blame\n				Choice, Paternalism, and Regulation of the Marketplace\n			Conclusion\n			References\n	Section Eleven: INJURIES\n		Chapter 51: An Overview of the Ethics of Injury in Public Health\n			Introduction\n			Types of Ethics Issues\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			Note\n			References\n		Chapter 52: Preventing Unintentional Injuries: Ethical Considerations in Public Health\n			Introduction\n			Responsibility and Unintentional Injury\n			Injury Prevention as a Matter of Justice\n			Personal Freedom and Injury Prevention\n			The Harm Principle and Injury Prevention\n			Putting Ethics into Practice\n				What Are the Public Health Goals of the Proposed Program?\n				How Effective Is the Program in Achieving Its Stated Goals?\n				What Are the Known or Potential Burdens of the Program?\n				Can Burdens Be Minimized? Are There Alternative Approaches?\n				Is the Program Implemented Fairly?\n				How Can the Benefits and Burdens of a Program Be Fairly Balanced?\n			Conclusion\n			Note\n			References\n		Chapter 53: Violence and Public Health Ethics\n			Understanding Violence through a Public Health Lens\n			The Impact of Violence on the Public’s Health\n			Preventing and Responding to Violence: The Role of Public Health\n				Provision of Health Care for Victims of Violence\n				Development of Intersectoral Links\n				Surveillance and Evaluation\n				Advocacy and Training\n			Ethical Principles for Public Health\n			Ethical Challenges in Addressing Interpersonal Violence\n				Gathering Information for Surveillance, Evaluation, and Research to Address Violence\n				Addressing Violence through the Health System\n			Ethical Challenges in Addressing Suicide\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n	Section Twelve: GENETICS\n		Chapter 54: An Overview of Ethics and Public Health Genetics\n			Introduction\n			Chapter Overviews\n				Eugenics\n				Newborn Screening\n				Biobanking\n				Infectious Disease\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 55: Eugenics and Public Health: Historical Connections and Ethical Implications\n			Introduction\n			Eugenics\n			The Promise of Eugenics: Population Health\n			Eugenic Laws\n			Leaders in Eugenics and Public Health\n			The Shadow of the Holocaust\n			Ethical Problems with Eugenics\n			Issues in Public Health Ethics Today: A New Eugenics?\n			References\n		Chapter 56: Newborn Screening in the United States: Ethical Issues\n			Introduction\n			The Development of NewbornScreening in the United States\n				Expansion of Newborn Screening\n				Future of Newborn Screening\n			The Retention and Secondary Research Use of Residual Newborn Screening Dried Blood Samples\n			Should Newborn Screening Be Mandatory?\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 57: Public Health Genomics, Biobanking, and Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Case Studies\n				The Geisinger MyCode Community Health Initiative\n				GeneScreen KP-NWBB\n				Precision Medicine Initiative All of Us Research Program Biobank at the Mayo Clinic\n			Four Issues Brought to Light by Case Analysis\n				Confidentiality and Sample Identifiability\n				Informed Consent\n				Engagement\n				Return and Disposition of Individual Results: Policies and Practices\n			Conclusion\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n		Chapter 58: Genetic Epidemiology, Infectious Disease, and Public Health Ethics\n			The Danger of Infectious Disease and the Opportunity of Genomics\n			Historical Connections between Infectious and Genetic Disease Control\n			ELSI Considerations for Genomics, Infectious Disease, and Public Health\n				Cost-Benefit Analyses\n				Allocation of Scarce Resources\n				Privacy, Autonomy, and Choice\n				Health Disparities, Inequities, and Vulnerabilities in Infectious Disease\n				Public Health Impact of Personalizing Vaccines\n				Emerging Infectious Disease Epidemics\n			Conclusion\n			References\n	Section Thirteen: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH\n		Chapter 59: An Overview of Ethics and Environmental Health\n			Introduction\n			Overview of Section Chapters\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n		Chapter 60: Industrial Chemicals, Pesticides, Public Health, and Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Background\n			Regulation of Industrial Chemicals\n			Ethical Issues\n				Public Health versus Agriculture\n				Public Health versus Industry and Economic Productivity\n				Environmental Justice and Susceptible Populations\n				Public Health versus the Environment\n			Conclusion\n			Acknowledgment\n			Note\n			References\n		Chapter 61: Occupational Health and the Built Environment: Ethical Issues\n			Introduction\n			Ethical Issues Related to Property Rights\n			Ethical Issues Related to the Distribution of Health Risks\n			Ethical Issues Related to Occupational Health and Safety Standards\n			Ethical Issues Related to Housing Standards\n			Conclusion\n			Acknowledgments\n			References\n		Chapter 62: Environmental Justice, Ethics, and Public Health\n			Introduction\n			Issues of Environmental Justice\n				Waste Disposal\n				Air Pollution\n				Climate Change\n				Ecological Footprints\n			The Work of Environmental Justice\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 63: Energy, Emissions, and Public Health Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Causes\n			Impacts\n			Denial\n			Emissions are Health Determinants\n				Relationships\n				Ethics\n			Ethically Informed Policy\n				Strategy\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Readings\n		Chapter 64: Environmental Health Research and Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Background on Ethics and Regulations\n			Cross-Cutting Issues\n				Returning Individualized Research Results\n				Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality\n				Protecting Vulnerable Participants\n			Design-Related Issues\n				Research on Environmental Interventions\n				Intentional Exposure Studies\n			Conclusion\n				Acknowledgments\n				Notes\n				References\n	Section Fourteen: EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE\n		Chapter 65: An Overview of Public Health Ethics in Emergency Preparedness and Response\n			Introduction\n			Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Activities\n			Ethical Complexities\n			Chapter Overviews\n			References\n		Chapter 66: Biosecurity and Public Health Ethics Issues Raised by Biological Threats\n			Introduction\n			Principles\n			Preventing, Preparing for, and Responding to Biological Threats: Ethical Issues\n				Before a Crisis\n					A Conflict between Efficiency and Substantive Justice\n					Conflicts between Procedural Fairness and Efficiency\n				During a Crisis\n				After a Crisis\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 67: Natural and Industrial Disaster Events, Public Health, and Ethics\n			Understanding Disasters: Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Reduction\n			Responsibility and Blame\n			Ethical Decision-Making and Disaster Preparedness\n			Conclusion\n			Note\n			References\n		Chapter 68: Pandemic Disease, Public Health, and Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Public Health Measures Used in Response to Pandemics\n			Setting Priorities\n			Health Care Workers’ Obligations during Pandemics\n			Research during Pandemics\n			Global Health Governance during Pandemics\n			Ethical Guidance and Frameworks\n			Ongoing Challenges: Lessons Learned\n			Conclusion\n			References\n			Further Reading\n	Section Fifteen: PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY AND POLITICS\n		Chapter 69: An Overview of Ethics, Public Health Policy, and Politics\n			Introduction\n			Infusing Ethics in Public Health Practice\n			Chapter Overviews\n			Conclusion\n			References\n		Chapter 70: Global Development, Global Public Health, and Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Overview of Ethics of Public Health and Development\n			Management of Rapid Development and Urbanization\n			Antimicrobial Resistance, Development, and Global Consensus\n			Conclusion: Ethics of Public Health and Development for the Twenty-First Century\n			References\n		Chapter 71: Responsible Resource Allocation, Public Health Stewardship, and Ethics\n			Introduction\n			Defining the Terms: What Are Governance and Stewardship?\n			Why Responsible Stewardship and Good Governance Are Morally Relevant\n				Promoting Responsible Stewardship\n				Promoting Good Governance\n			The Absence of Stewardship and Governance\n			References\n		Chapter 72: The Political Economy of Public Health: Challenges for Ethics\n			Introduction: The Political Economy of Health\n			Public Finance and Public Health Ethics\n			The Corporate Role: “Vectors of Spread” for “Industrial Epidemics”?\n			Analysis: Ethics Meets Politics in Public Health—“Choice” for Whom? From What Menu? And Who Selects the Items on the Menu?\n			Three Future Challenges\n			References\n		Chapter 73: Incorporating Ethics in Policy Change and Health Reform\n			Introduction\n			Approaches in Ethical Reasoning and Their Impact on Health Policy\n			A Common Ethical and Policy Choice: Individual Autonomy versus the State\n			Ethics and US Health Policy: Two Case Studies Involving Ethical Reasoning\n				US Social Security Amendments of 1965\n				Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010\n				Dignity in Life and Death—Amending the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985\n				Seguro Popular and the Right to Health: Understanding Health Reform in Mexico\n				The Relationship between the Policy Process and Ethical Reasoning\n				Conclusion\n				References\nIndex