The Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany 1878-1890

PREFACE
CONTENTS
I. THE EMERGENCE AND EARLY ORIENTATION OF WORKING-CLASS POLITICAL ACTION
	The German Social and Political Context
	Ferdinand Lassalle and the Socialist Movement: An Ambiguous Heritage
	Political and Social Democracy in the Eisenacher Tradition: The "People's State"
	Principles and Tactics: Parliamentarism as an Issue of Socialist Politics
II. THE MATURATION OF THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT IN THE EIGHTEEN-SEVENTIES
	The Quest for Revolutionary Identity and Organizational Unity
	The Gotha Program as a Synthesis of Traditional Social Democratic Ideas
	Unity between Social Democratic Theory and Practice in Politics
	The Quest for Certainty in Economic Thought
	On the Eve of Catastrophe: Social Democrats and German Society
III. Di SINTEGRATION AND RECOVERY
	The Catastrophe of 1878
	Disintegration
	The New Role of Social Democratic Parliamentarism
	Steps toward Recovery: Der Sozialdemokrat and "The Red Army Postal Service"
	Steps toward Recovery: Early Organizational Developments
	Organization, Ideology, and Radical Temperament
IV. INVITATION FROM THE LEFT: ANARCHISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
	Alternatives for Social Democratic Action
	Most's Super-radicalism in Conflict with the Parliamentary Socialists
	The Purge of Most and Hasselmann
	The Abortive Challenge of Anarchism to German Social Democracy
V. RADICALS AND MODERATES: Two VIEWS OF SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLITICS
	The Emergence of New Internal Divisions
	The Struggle for Control of Der Sozialdemokrat
	The Confrontation at Zurich, August 19-21, 1882
	Ideological Currents: The Moderates as Social Democratic Traditionalists
	The Emergence of a Moderate Socialist Press
	Ideological Currents: The Radicals as a Marxist Avantgarde and Ambivalent Parliamentarians
VI. INVITATION FROM THE RIGHT: STATE SOCIALISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
	Social Democratic Uncertainty in Response to State Socialism
	The Confrontation with Bismarck's State Socialism in 1881
	Social Democratic Discussions of State Socialism: The Internal Struggle
	Lingering State Socialism: The Marxists against the Rodbertus Enthusiasts
VII. GROWTH OF SOCIAL DEMOCRACY CREATES A MAJOR CRISIS FOR THE PARTY
	Elements of Social Democratic Expansion
	Election Success in 1884: A Prelude to Crisis
	The Radicals View a Positive Parliamentary Role for the Party
	Steamship Subsidy Crisis
	The Persistent Crisis: Control of Der Sozialdemokrat
	The Unresolved Problem
VIII. THE DEEPENED PARLIAMENTARY INVOLVEMENT: ITS RELATIONSHIP TO REVOLUTIONARY EXPECTATIONS AND POLITICAL DEMOCRACY
	Social Democratic Parliamentary Activity at its Peak and the Unresolved Question of Parliamentarism
	Economic and Social Reforms in the Reichstag
	Economic and Social Reforms in the Saxon Diet
	Social Democrats in Defense of Political Liberalism
	Bebel and Liebknecht on Parliamentarism and Revolutionary Expectations
	The Persistence of Ambivalent Parliamentarism and its Meaning
IX. SOCIAL DEMOCRATS AT BAY
	Police Spies and the Renewal of the Socialist Law
	The Suppression Increases: Puttkamer's Decrees
	Social Democratic Leaders Go to Prison
	The Election of 1887 and its Consequences
X. THE ST. GALL CONGRESS AND THE SUPREMACY OF AUGUST BEBEL
	Opposition to Bebel Fades
	The Congress at St. Gall, October 2-6, 1887
	Bebel's Supremacy and Social Democratic Parliamentary Practice
	Theoretical Marxism and Social Democratic Politics under Bebel
	Conclusion
XI. THE END OF THE SOCIALIST LAW: SOCIAL DEMOCRACY'S VICTORY AND CHALLENGE
	A Year of Great Changes
	The Miners' Strike (1889) and Wilhelm II's Social Policy
	February 20, 1890: 1,427,298 Social Democratic Votes!
	May 1: "We Shall Seek to Do Our Duty"
	The Jungen: Critics of the Established Leadership
	Failure of the Jungen and the Problem of Parliamentary Democracy
XII. THE HERITAGE OF THE SOCIALIST LAW EPOCH FOR SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
	Political Uncertainty: Social Democratic Estrangement from Political Democracy
	Lack of Unity between Theory and Practice: The Heritage of Ambivalent Parliamentarism
	Certainty in Marxist Economic Theory
	WeaknessandGreatness
APPENDIX A. The Gotha Program, 1875
APPENDIX B. The Erfurt Program, 1891
APPENDIX C. Text of the Socialist Law
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY
INDEX