The Ostracoda: Applications in Quaternary Research

The Ostracoda Applications in Quaternary Research......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
2. THE OSTRACODA......Page 9
3. APPLICATIONS IN QUATERNARY RESEARCH......Page 10
REFERENCES......Page 11
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 13
2.2 General Morphology......Page 15
2.3 Carapace Morphology......Page 27
2.4 Appendage Morphology......Page 29
4. REPRODUCTION AND LIFE HISTORIES......Page 36
5.2 Order Myodocopida, Suborder Myodocopina......Page 37
5.6 Order Halocyprida......Page 38
5.10 Suborder Cladocopina, Superfamily Cladocopoidea......Page 39
5.14 Suborder Cytherocopina......Page 40
5.19 Superfamily Macrocypridoidea......Page 41
5.23 Suborder Sigilliocopina, Superfamily Sigillioidea......Page 42
6. REFERENCES......Page 43
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 45
1.1 The Role of Environmental Stability in Biodiversity,Ecotone Effects, and Scale Effects......Page 46
1.2 Marine, Estuarine, and Nonmarine Ostracodes: General Considerations......Page 47
2. BIODIVERSITY......Page 51
2.3 Alpha Diversity in Regional Ground Water......Page 52
2.4 Beta Diversity in Continental Surface Water......Page 53
3. ECOTONES......Page 54
3. 1  Deep Ocean Benthic Faunal Response......Page 55
3.2 Estuarine and Marginal Marine Faunal Response......Page 56
3.3 Nonmarine Faunal Response: Hydrochemical Ecotones......Page 61
3.4 Nonmarine Faunal Response: Hydrologic Ecotones......Page 63
4. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALES......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 67
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 73
2.1.1. The littoral fauna.......Page 74
2.1.3. Subterranean-dwelling ostracods.......Page 75
2.2.1. Sampling devices for quantitative collection of living and/or sub-fossil ostracods.......Page 76
2.2.2. Sampling strategies.......Page 77
3. SAMPLE PROCESSING......Page 78
3.2.1. Extraction of valves from fine-grained and compact sediments.......Page 79
3.2.2. Wet sieving.......Page 80
3.3.2. The two-stage sub-sampling method using a micropalaeontological tray.......Page 81
3.5. Preparation of Ostracod Carapaces for Species Assemblage Analysis......Page 82
4.1.1. Sample size......Page 83
4.2. Adult-Juvenile Ratios......Page 85
4.3. Sex Ratios......Page 87
4.4. Life versus Death Assemblages......Page 89
4.6. Preservation State of the Valves......Page 90
4.7. Seasonal Variation in Carapace Size......Page 91
4.8. Morphometric Analysis......Page 92
4.8.2. Feature extraction and analysis.......Page 93
5.2.1. Non-marine species.......Page 95
5.2.2. Marine species.......Page 96
6. CONCLUDING COMMENTS......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 99
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 106
2. BRIEF SUMMARY OF MODERN OSTRACODES IN THE WORLD'S OCEANS......Page 107
3.2 Pacific Ocean Ostracodes and Cenozoic Paleoceanography......Page 110
3.4 Ocean Gateways......Page 111
4.2 41 kyr Sea-Level Oscillations: Sea of Japan......Page 112
4.3 Ostracode Variability During the Last 200 kyr in theNorth Atlantic Ocean......Page 113
5.2 Deglaciation in the Iceland Sea......Page 115
5.4 Late Quaternary Paleoceanography of the Arctic Ocean......Page 117
6.1 Estuarine Record of Chesapeake Bay......Page 120
6.2 Florida Bay ENSO and PNA......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 123
1. INTRODUCTION - THE OSTRACOD ANIMAL......Page 127
2. OSTRACOD BIOLOGY OF RELEVANCE TO VALVE CHEMISTRY......Page 128
3. THE OSTRACOD CARAPACE AND VALVES......Page 129
4.3. Evidence of Dissolution and Causes of Breakage......Page 130
4.4. Evidence of Recrystallisation and Deformation......Page 132
4.6. Water Chemistry......Page 133
4.10. Assessing Sedimentation Rates......Page 135
5.3. Deep, Freshwater Lake With Fairly Dilute Chemical Composition in a Region With PE.......Page 136
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 137
7. REFERENCES......Page 138
INTRODUCTION......Page 141
AUTOCHONEITY OF MARGINAL MARINE OSTRACOD ASSEMBLAGES......Page 142
Physiology......Page 143
Noding......Page 144
OSTRACODS IN DIFFERENT SALINITY REGIMES......Page 145
High Water Mark to Low Water Mark......Page 146
Pleistocene......Page 147
North Norfolk......Page 148
Menorca......Page 150
SUMMARY......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 156
2. STUDY REGION......Page 157
3. PRESENT-DAY OSTRACODS......Page 159
4.1.1. Ostracod Faunas......Page 161
4.1.2.1. Salinity and Mg/Ca Ratio of Water......Page 162
4.2.1. Lake Titicaca......Page 163
5. DISCUSSION......Page 165
6. CONCLUSION......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 167
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 171
1.2 Evolutionary and Palaeoclimatic Studies......Page 172
1.3 Ancient Lake Ostracods......Page 173
2.1 Ziway-Awassa Lakes......Page 174
2.2 Lake Ohrid......Page 176
2.3 Lake Malawi......Page 177
2.4 Lake Tanganyika......Page 178
2.5 Lake Baikal......Page 179
3.1.2 Lake Buchanan.......Page 181
3.2 Palaeobiogeography......Page 182
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 189
2. SAMPLE PREPARATION......Page 190
3. TRACE-ELEMENT PARTITIONING INTO OSTRACOD SHELLS......Page 191
4.1. Oxygen Isotopes......Page 195
5.1. Changes in Effective Precipitation using Trace-Element and Stable-Isotope Analyses of Lacustrine Ostracods......Page 196
5.2. Bottom-Water Temperature Reconstruction using theMg Content of Deep-Marine Ostracods......Page 197
5.3. Lake-Water Temperature Reconstruction using the Mg Content of Non-Marine Ostracods......Page 198
5.4. Air-Temperature Reconstruction from 180/160 in Ostracod Shells......Page 199
5.6. Marginal Marine Environments......Page 200
6.1. Other trace-metal analyses......Page 201
6.4. Dating......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 209
2.1. Why Ostracodes?......Page 210
2.2. Trace Element Analysis of Ostracode Shells......Page 212
2.3. Water Temperature and the Magnesium Content of Calcite......Page 213
3.3. Dissolution Effects......Page 215
3.5. Sample Preparation and Ca, Mg, Sr, andNa Analysis......Page 216
4.2. Inter-specific Variations......Page 217
4.5. Dissolution Studies......Page 218
5.2. Salinity......Page 221
5.3. Temperature......Page 222
5.4. Scatter in Mg/Ca Data......Page 223
5.5. Diagenetic Effects on Ostracode Mg/Ca Ratios......Page 224
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 226
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 230
2.2. Factors Influencing Marginal Marine Environment Variations During Quaternary......Page 231
3.1. Autoecologyf Synecology and Population Structure......Page 232
3.2. Ecophenotypic Responses of Shell Morphology......Page 233
4. GEOCHEMICAL METHODOLOGIES ON OSTRACOD SHELLS AND THEIR RELIABILITY IN DIFFERENT MARGINAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTS......Page 234
4.1. Trace Elements......Page 235
4.2. Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes......Page 237
4.3. 87Sr/86Sr......Page 239
5. EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT WATER MIXING MODELS FROM CENTRAL ITALY: THE MIGLIARA MIDDLE-LATE PLEISTOCENE BOREHOLE AND THEALBINIA HOLOCENE BOREHOLE......Page 240
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 243
REFERENCES......Page 244
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 251
2.2. Europe......Page 252
3.I. The Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Precipitation......Page 253
3.2. Catchment Effects......Page 254
3.3.2. Transient changes and dynamic effects.......Page 256
4.2. Water temperature effects......Page 259
5.1. Calibration against the instrumental air temperature record......Page 260
5.2. The Record of 8180P in Central Europe Over the Past 15,000 Years......Page 262
5.3. Late Glacial and Early Holocene Shallow-water Temperatures......Page 263
5.4. Quantification of Hydrological Effects......Page 264
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 265
7 PERSPECTIVES......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 267
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 269
2. CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY OF NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS......Page 271
4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER CHEMISTRY, HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATE......Page 272
4.2. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca Ratios of Lake Water......Page 273
5.2.1. Rice Lake and Coldwater Lake, North Dakota......Page 274
5.2.2. Cottonwood wetlands, North Dakota.......Page 277
REFERENCES......Page 278
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 281
3.2 Stable Isotope Analyses......Page 282
4.1 Downcore Ostracode Concentration and FaunalComposition......Page 284
4.2 Surface Sediment Isotope Analyses......Page 285
4.3 Downcore Oxygen Isotope Records......Page 286
5.1 Oxygen Isotope Values and Species Habitats......Page 287
5.2 Carbon Isotope Values and Microhabitats......Page 295
5.3 Carbon Isotope Records and Circulation Changes......Page 296
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 297
REFERENCES......Page 298
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 302
2.1. Culture Methods......Page 303
2.2. Analytical Methods......Page 304
3.1. Bulk Ostracods......Page 307
3.2. Incompletely Calcified Ostracods......Page 309
3.3. Mechanisms of Calcification......Page 310
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 312
5. REFERENCES......Page 313