The OSCE Code Of Conduct On Politico-Military Aspects Of Security: Anatomy And Implementation (Graduate Institute O Internations Studies)

Table of Contents......Page 8
List of Abbreviations......Page 16
Foreword to Part I by Ambassador Ján Kubiš, Secretary General of the OSCE......Page 18
Foreword to Part II by Ambassador Lamberto Zannier, Director, OSCE Conflict Prevention Centre......Page 20
General Introduction......Page 24
PART I – Paragraph-by-Paragraph Commentary on the Code of Conduct (Vincent Ghebali)......Page 40
Title: \"Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security\"......Page 42
Preamble......Page 43
- 2nd paragraph: The Code of Conduct\'s rationale......Page 45
- 4th paragraph: Undiminished status of existing OSCE commitments......Page 47
- 5th paragraph: Adoption of the Code of Conduct......Page 48
Section I. Reaffirmation of comprehensive security and cooperative security, and enunciation of the solidarity principle......Page 49
- Paragraph 1: Wholesale confirmation of OSCE commitments......Page 50
- Paragraph 3: Reaffirmation of the indivisibility of security in the OSCE area and beyond......Page 51
- Paragraph 4: Reaffirmation of the cooperative security approach......Page 53
- Paragraph 5: Enunciation of the solidarity principle......Page 56
Section II. Reaffirmation of the commitment to cooperate against terrorism......Page 59
- Paragraph 6: Reaffirmation of the commitment to take appropriate measures to prevent and combat terrorism in all its forms......Page 60
Section III. Reaffirmation of the equal value of the Helsinki Final Act\'s principles and of the commitment of non-assistance to aggressor states......Page 62
- Paragraph 8: Reaffirmation of the commitment of non-assistance or support to an aggressor state......Page 63
Section IV. Security Rights and obligations of OSCE participating states......Page 64
- Paragraph 10: Reaffirmation of the right to freely choose security arrangements......Page 65
- Paragraph 11: Reaffirmation of the right to belong to alliances and the right to neutrality......Page 66
- Paragraph 12: Obligation to maintain only such military capabilities commensurate with individual or collective security needs......Page 68
- Paragraph 13: Obligation to determine military capabilities through national democratic procedures. Renunciation of military domination in the OSCE area......Page 70
- Paragraph 14: Authorisation to station armed forces on the territory of another participating state in accordance with freely negotiated agreements as well as international law......Page 71
Section V. Importance of the process of arms control, disarmament and CSBM......Page 74
- Paragraph 15: Importance of implementation in good faith of arms control, disarmament and CSBM commitments......Page 75
- Paragraph 16: Reaffirmation of the commitment to pursue arms control, disarmament and CSBM measures in the OSCE area......Page 76
Section VI. Reaffirmation of commitments to cooperate for conflict prevention and crisis management......Page 77
- Paragraph 17: Cooperation to counter economic/environmental and human dimension tensions conducive to conflicts......Page 78
- Paragraph 18: Reaffirmation of the equal importance of cooperation at the various phases of the conflict management cycle......Page 79
- Paragraph 19: Cooperation for peaceful resolution and humanitarian assistance support in armed conflicts......Page 80
Section VII. Democratic control of armed forces......Page 81
- Paragraph 20: Rationale for the democratic control of armed forces......Page 83
- Paragraph 21: Primacy of the constitutionally established authorities vested with democratic legitimacy over military power......Page 88
- Paragraph 22: Legislative approval of, as well as restraint in, transparency of and public access to military defence expenditures......Page 90
- Paragraph 23: Political neutrality of armed forces and civil rights of their individual members......Page 92
- Paragraph 24: Safeguards against military incidents due to accident or error......Page 93
- Paragraph 25: Inadmissibility of forces that are not accountable to or controlled by their constitutionally established authorities......Page 94
- Paragraph 26: Prohibition of acquisition by paramilitary forces of combat mission capabilities in excess of those for which they were established......Page 95
- Paragraph 27: Consistency with human rights of recruitment or call-up of armed (military, paramilitary and security) forces......Page 96
- Paragraph 28: Rights and duties of armed forces personnel, including possibility of exemption from or alternatives to military service......Page 97
- Paragraph 29: Promotion of the knowledge of international humanitarian law and reflection of its commitments in military training programmes and regulations......Page 100
- Paragraph 30: Instruction of armed forces personnel in international humanitarian law, including awareness of individual accountability at domestic and international level......Page 102
- Paragraph 31: Individual accountability of commanders and rank and file servicemen of armed forces under national and international law......Page 103
- Paragraph 32: Exercise of their human rights by the personnel of military, paramilitary and security forces......Page 105
Section VIII. Democratic use of armed forces......Page 106
- Paragraph 34: Consistency of the commandment, manning, training and equipment of armed forces with international humanitarian law......Page 107
- Paragraph 35: Consistency of defence policy and doctrine with international humanitarian law and the Code of Conduct......Page 108
- Paragraph 36: Subjection of the domestic use of force to the rule of law and commensurability of such use with the needs for enforcement......Page 110
- Paragraph 37: Prohibition of a domestic use of force aimed at restricting the peaceful and lawful exercise of human and civil rights or at depriving people of their individual or collective identity......Page 115
- Paragraph 38: Accountability for implementation......Page 117
- Paragraph 39: Politically binding nature of the Code and date of its coming into force......Page 126
- Paragraph 40: Undiminished value of existing OSCE commitments......Page 128
- Paragraph 42: Publication and widespread dissemination of the Code at national level......Page 129
Bibliography......Page 132
- Annex 1: Proposal submitted by Hungary and the United states, at the Moscow Conference on the human dimension, concerning \"Civilian control over military and security forces\" (CSCE/CHDM/.43 of 26 September 1991)......Page 140
- Annex 2: Proposal submitted by France, Germany and other participating states, at the 1992 Helsinki Follow-up Meeting, concerning a \"CSCE Code of Conduct on security relationships among participating states\" (CSCE/HM/WG2/1 of 19 May 1992)......Page 141
- Annex 3: Proposal submitted by Poland on a \"CSCE Code of Conduct in the field of security\" (CSCE/FSC/SC.5/Rev.1 of 18 November 1992)......Page 142
- Annex 4: Proposal submitted by the member states of the European Community, Iceland and Norway on a \"CSCE Code of Conduct governing mutual relations between participating states in the field of security\" CSCE/ FSC/SC.21 of 30 June 1993)......Page 152
- Annex 5: Proposal submitted by Austria and Hungary on a \"CSCE Code of Conduct governing the behaviour of the participating states towards each other and of governments towards their citizens\" (CSCE/FSC/SC.22 of 15 September 1993)......Page 163
- Annex 6: Proposal submitted by Turkey on a \"Code of Conduct governing the mutual relations of the CSCE participating states in the field of security\" (CSCE/FSC/SC.8 of 16 December 1992)......Page 177
- Annex 7: Proposal on implementation provisions for a Code of Conduct\" (CSCE/FSC/SC.17 of 5 May 1993)......Page 183
- Annex 8: Proposal submitted by Hungary on the \"democratic control of the armed forces and their use\" (CSCE/FSC/SC.25 of 23 February 1994)......Page 185
- Annex 9: Working document submitted by France regarding the structure of a Code of Conduct (CSCE/FSC/SC/B.2 of 3 June 1993)......Page 189
- Annex 10: United Nations \"Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials\", adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (Resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979)......Page 191
- Annex 11: Declaration on the Police adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (Resolution 690 of 8 May 1979)......Page 196
- Annex 12: Recommendation on \"Control of internal security services in Council of Europe member states\" adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (Recommendation 1402 of 26 April 1999)......Page 200
PART II – Assessment of Implementation Trends of the Code of Conduct (Alexander Lambert)......Page 204
Introductory Remarks......Page 208
1. Assessment Framework......Page 210
1.1.1 The Code and the Security Sector......Page 211
1.1.2 Military, Paramilitary and Security Forces......Page 212
1.1.3 Terminology Used in Sections VII-VIII......Page 215
1.2.1 EU Criteria for Democracy......Page 217
1.2.2 NATO and the Partnership for Peace Programme......Page 219
1.2.3 Sub-Regional Dimensions of the Information Exchange......Page 226
1.3.1 The Elements of the Code Reflected in the Questionnaire......Page 227
1.3.2 The Ratio between Inter- and Intra-state Elements......Page 231
1.4.1 Overlaps Between Individual Items of the Questionnaire......Page 233
1.4.2 Outline for the Evaluation of the Information Exchange......Page 237
2. Thematic Analysis of the Information Exchange......Page 242
2.1 Primacy of Democratic Constitutional Civilian Power over Military Power......Page 243
2.1.1 National Planning and Decision-Making Process for the Determination of the Military Posture......Page 245
2.1.1.1 General Information on the Relation between the Executive and Legislative Branches of government......Page 246
2.1.1.2 Roles of Parliament and the Broader Public......Page 248
2.1.1.3 The Ministry of Defence and Civilian Leadership......Page 250
2.1.1.4 NATO Enlargement and National Defence Decision-Making......Page 251
2.1.1.5 Systems of Presidential-Executive Decision-Making in Central and Eastern Europe......Page 257
2.1.2 Public Access to Information Related to the Armed Forces......Page 258
2.1.2.1 Transparency and Publicity of the Defence Budget......Page 259
2.1.2.2 Special Legislation Related to Public and Restricted Access to Information......Page 260
2.1.2.3 Ministerial Information Policies......Page 261
2.1.3 Constitutionally Established Authorities and Procedures to Ensure the Democratic Political Control of the Security Sector......Page 265
2.1.3.1 General Information on the \'Armed Forces\'......Page 266
2.1.3.2 Specific Information on Paramilitary and Internal Security Forces......Page 273
2.1.3.3 Intelligence Services......Page 277
2.1.3.4 Police and Police Reform......Page 285
2.1.4 Roles and Missions of Military, Paramilitary and Security Forces......Page 290
2.1.4.1 Regular Military Forces......Page 291
2.1.4.2 Paramilitary and Security Forces......Page 298
2.2 Subjection of the Armed Forces to the Norms and Prescriptions of International Humanitarian Law (IHL)......Page 304
2.2.1 Respect of IHL in Peacetime and Wartime......Page 306
2.2.2 Promotion of Knowledge on IHL......Page 308
2.3 Respect of the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Armed Forces Personnel......Page 310
2.3.1 Recruitment and Call-up for Service in Military, Paramilitary and Security Forces......Page 312
2.3.1.1 General Trend Toward Professionalism......Page 313
2.3.1.2 Recruitment, Call-up and Human Rights......Page 314
2.3.1.3 Special Information on Paramilitary and Security Forces......Page 315
2.3.2.1 Conscientious Objection......Page 316
2.3.2.2 Exemptions from Compulsory Military Service......Page 318
2.3.2.3 Alternative Civilian Service......Page 320
2.3.3 Protection of the Rights of Forces Personnel......Page 323
2.3.3.1 Civilian and Military Court Systems......Page 324
2.3.3.2 Restrictions in the Field of Civic Rights and Political Freedoms......Page 326
2.3.3.3 Procedures and Institutions Ensuring the Exercise of the Personnel\'s Individual Rights......Page 328
2.4.1 Combat and Prevention of Terrorism......Page 334
2.4.1.1 Global Arrangements......Page 335
2.4.1.2 Regional Arrangements......Page 337
2.4.1.3 Bilateral Arrangements......Page 339
2.4.1.4 Implementation of International Commitments on the Domestic Level......Page 340
2.4.2 Stationing of Armed Forces on Foreign Territory......Page 345
2.4.2.1 International Peacekeeping......Page 347
2.4.2.2 Regional Arrangements......Page 348
2.4.2.3 Domestic Decision-Making Process......Page 349
3 The Code\'s Regime Evaluation......Page 352
3.1.1 Supremacy of Democratic Constitutional Civilian Power over Military Power......Page 353
3.1.2 Subjection of the Armed Forces to the Norms and Prescriptions of IHL......Page 365
3.1.3 Respect of the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Armed Forces Personnel......Page 367
3.1.4 Inter-state Elements of the Information Exchange......Page 374
3.2 The Reporting Technique......Page 381
3.2.1 The Updated 2003 Questionnaire......Page 382
3.2.2 Enhancing Effectiveness, Transparency and Efficiency of the Reporting......Page 388
3.2.3 Contributing to Best Practices of democratic control of armed forces......Page 391
3.3 The Way Ahead......Page 393
3.4 The 2003 and 2004 Information Exchange......Page 397
Bibliography......Page 402
- Annex 1: Redistribution of tasks and responsibilities of the national authorities in defence planning decision-making and the determination of the military posture in an EU and NATO candidate country......Page 404
- Annex 2: Roles and responsibilities of national authorities in defence decision-making and the determination of the military posture in some of the CIS countries......Page 406
- Annex 3: Competencies and Responsibilities of National Authorities in a newly-admitted NATO member country......Page 410
- Annex 4: Competencies and responsibilities of national authorities in the field of democratic control of the armed force in some of the established democracies, as well as some of the NATO/EU candidate countries of East-Central Europe......Page 413
- Annex 5: Civilian control exercised through presidential, parliamentary and judicial control in two Caucasus countries......Page 415
- Annex 6: Officer and Conscript Training and Education in IHL in one established democracy and EU member state......Page 417
- Annex 7: The Updated Questionnaire 2003......Page 419
Index to Part I......Page 422
Index to Part II......Page 438