The Origin of War: The Evolution of a Male-Coalitional Reproductive Strategy

Front cover......Page 1
THE ORIGIN OF WAR......Page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 3
1.1 Why the Interest in (Primitive) War?......Page 15
1.2 The Concepts of Evolutionary Theory......Page 24
1.3 The Evolution of (Ritualized) Aggression......Page 48
1.4 The Study of Primitive War: A Brief History......Page 66
2.1 Introduction......Page 86
2.3 Concepts and Definitions of ’Primitive’ War......Page 87
2.4 The Historical Continuity of War......Page 91
2.5 Attempts to Define ’True’ War......Page 93
2.6 Types of Primitive Warfare......Page 95
2.7 Lex Talionis: Feuding and/or/versus Warfare......Page 98
2.8 Interlude: Discussion and Proposal......Page 109
2.9 The Forms and Tactics of Primitive Warfare......Page 111
2.10 General Characteristics of Primitive War......Page 118
2.11 The Hobbes-Rousseau Controversy......Page 119
3.1 Intergroup Agonistic Behavior: Introduction......Page 160
3.2 Animal ’Wars’......Page 167
3.3 The Extent of Animal IAB......Page 172
3.4 General Observations on IAB......Page 175
3.5 The Chimpanzee versus the Baboon IAB Pattern......Page 185
3.6 Proximate Mechanisms......Page 190
3.7 Socio-ecology: Making Sense of It All......Page 194
3.8 Ultimate Explanations of Chimpanzee ’Warfare’......Page 198
3.9 Chimpanzee Hunting and ’Warfare’......Page 208
3.10 Criticism of the ’Chimp-Model’ of the Evolutionof Warfare......Page 211
3.11 The Evidence of Human Warfare......Page 215
3.12 Some Conclusions......Page 231
4.2 Social Darwinism......Page 233
4.3 The True Heirs of Malthus (and Hobbes)......Page 275
4.4 Ecological-Demographic Theories......Page 278
4.5 Functionalist and Multifunctionalist Theories......Page 284
4.6 Materialist Theories......Page 294
4.7 Group Territoriality and the Evolution of War......Page 304
4.8 Hunting and Warfare: ’Carnivorous Psychology’Theory......Page 308
4.9 The Balance-of-Power Hypothesis......Page 317
4.10 Human Brain Evolution and Warfare......Page 321
4.11 Weapons, Intelligence, and Warfare......Page 324
4.12 Level-of-Selection and the Evolution of Warfare......Page 327
4.13 Cultural Filter Superimposition and Preadaptations......Page 332
4.14 A Biocultural Approach to Human Nastiness......Page 334
4.15 From Cherchez la ressource to Cherchez lafemme......Page 336
5.1 Introduction......Page 351
5.2 Sociocultural Selection and Evolution of War......Page 359
5.3 Assessment of Motives......Page 414
6.1 Introduction......Page 455
6.2 Ethnocentrism......Page 464
6.3 Ethnocentrism: Brief History of the Concept......Page 465
6.4 Ethnocentrism and Nationalism......Page 471
6.5 The Adaptive Significance of Xenophobia......Page 475
6.6 Theories of Ethnocentrism......Page 482
6.7 Social Identity Theory and Group Animosity......Page 487
6.8 Dynamics of In-group/Out-group Differentiation......Page 491
6.9 The Logic of Ethnocentrism: The Duality of theHuman Mind......Page 495
6.10 Evolutionary Theories of Ethnocentrism......Page 504
7.1 Introduction......Page 522
7.2 The Security Dilemma......Page 524
7.3 Fierce Peoples?......Page 528
7.4 The Inventory of Allegedly Peaceful Societies......Page 530
7.5 Peace as the Normal Condition......Page 532
7.7 Peacefulness Does Not Equal Pusillanimity or’Gentleness’......Page 534
7.8 Bellicosity Does Not Equal Aggression......Page 536
7.9 Primitive War as a Post-Contact Phenomenon......Page 539
7.10 The Characteristics of Peaceful Peoples......Page 540
7.11 A Typology of Peace......Page 544
7.12 Purification Rituals: Ambivalence toward theEnemy......Page 558
7.13 Epilogue......Page 560
8.1 Introduction......Page 563
8.2 Prelude: Humble Beginnings......Page 565
8.3 Why Did Sex Evolve?......Page 569
8.4 Of Primates, HUCHIBOs and Hominids......Page 578
APPENDICES......Page 619
NOTES......Page 647
Bibliography......Page 710