The Operation of the Japanese Electoral System since 1994

Contents
List of Figures
List of Maps
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Background
	1.2 Hypothesis
	1.3 Geographical Distributions of Party Supports
	1.4 Arrangements of Electoral Constituencies
		Single-Member Constituencies
		Proportional Representation Blocs
	1.5 Candidacies of Parties
		Absences of Parties
		Single-Member Constituencies
		Proportional Representation Blocs
	1.6 Compositions
		Structure
		Stance on Writing
		Stance on Data
	Bibliography
		English Literature
		Japanese Literature
Chapter 2: Overviews of Electoral Systems
	2.1 Electoral Systems
		Structure of Local Authorities
		Electoral Systems in the Two Dimensions of Elections
	2.2 Drawings of Electoral Constituencies
		Procedures
		Single-Member Constituencies
		Proportional Representation Blocs
	2.3 Other Provisions
		Political Parties
		Deposits
		By-Elections
	Bibliography
		English Literature
		Japanese Literature
Chapter 3: Outlines of Japanese Politics
	3.1 Politics until 1994
	3.2 Politics since 1994
		General Elections of 1996, 2000 and 2003
		General Elections of 2005, 2009, 2012, 2014 and 2017
	Bibliography
		English Literature
		Japanese Literature
Chapter 4: Analyses of the Homogeneous Distributions of Party Supports
	4.1 Methodologies
	4.2 Distributions of the Votes for a Party
	4.3 Distributions of the Gaps of the Votes between Two Parties
	4.4 Distributions of the Margins of the Votes between Two Parties
	4.5 Observations
	Bibliography
		English Literature
Chapter 5: Analyses of the Small Electoral Biases in Single-Member Constituencies
	5.1 Methodologies
		Definition
		Components
		Extension
		Combinations of Parties
	5.2 Formulae
	5.3 Electoral Biases in Two-Party Competitions
	5.4 Electoral Biases in Three-Party Competitions
	5.5 Observations
	Bibliography
		English Literature
Chapter 6: Analyses of the Overrepresentations of Large Parties in Proportional Representation Blocs
	6.1 Methodologies
	6.2 Simulations on the Assumption of the Nationwide Constituency
	6.3 Simulations on the Assumption of the Hare Method
	6.4 Observations
	Bibliography
		English Literature
Chapter 7: Analyses of the Split-Ticket Voting Forced by the Absences of Parties
	7.1 Methodologies
	7.2 Forced Splitters Calculated from Electoral Results
	7.3 Forced Splitters and Unforced Splitters Estimated from Survey Data
	7.4 Observations
	Bibliography
		English Literature
Chapter 8: Analyses of the Non-Maximisation of Seats
	8.1 Methodologies
	8.2 Patterns of Splitting Estimated from Survey Data
	8.3 Non-Maximisation in Single-Member Constituencies Calculated from Electoral Results
	8.4 Non-Maximisation in Proportional Representation Blocs Calculated from Electoral Results
	8.5 Observations
Chapter 9: Illustrations of Overworking Single-Member Constituencies and Underproportionate Proportional Representation Blocs
	9.1 Methodologies
	9.2 Illustrations of Hiroshima Prefecture
		Single-Member Constituencies
		Proportional Representation Bloc
	9.3 Illustrations of Kyoto Prefecture
		Single-Member Constituencies
		Proportional Representation Bloc
	9.4 Observations
	Bibliography
		Japanese Literature
Chapter 10: Conclusion
	10.1 Findings
	10.2 Implications
		Party System
		Distinction between Two Periods
		Discrepancies between Single-Member Constituencies and Proportional Representation Blocs
	10.3 Contributions
	10.4 Challenges
	10.5 Concluding Remarks
Miscellanies
	Expressions
	Data
		Results of General Elections
		Breakdowns of Votes at General Elections
		Survey Data
		Results of British General Elections
	Computer Software
Bibliography
	English Literature
	Japanese Literature
Index