The Official ABAP Reference

Content: ... Preface ... 19  1 ... Introduction ... 23  1.1 ... Releases Used ... 23  1.2 ... New Features in Releases 7.02 and 7.2 ... 25  1.2.1 ... New Features in ABAP ... 25  1.2.2 ... New Features in Tools ... 28  1.3 ... Syntax Conventions in The Official ABAP Reference ... 30  PART 1 ... ABAP Overview ... 33  2 ... ABAP Programming Language ... 35  2.1 ... SAP NetWeaver ... 35  2.2 ... Scope and Usage Areas ... 36  2.3 ... Programming Models ... 37  2.4 ... Unicode ... 37  PART 2 ... ABAP Syntax ... 39  3 ... Statements ... 41  3.1 ... ABAP Words ... 42  3.2 ... Operands ... 42  3.2.1 ... Names for Single Operands ... 43  3.2.2 ... Specifying Single Operands ... 49  3.2.3 ... Operand Position and Type ... 50  3.2.4 ... Data Objects in Operand Positions ... 52  3.2.5 ... Functions and Expressions in Operand Positions ... 55  3.3 ... Operators and Expressions ... 59  3.3.1 ... Operators ... 59  3.3.2 ... Expressions ... 60  4 ... Names ... 61  4.1 ... Naming Conventions ... 61  4.2 ... Name Spaces ... 62  5 ... Chained Statements ... 63  6 ... Comments ... 65  7 ... Program Directives ... 67  7.1 ... Pragmas ... 67  7.1.1 ... Pragma Parameters ... 68  7.1.2 ... Positioning Pragmas ... 68  7.2 ... Pseudo Comments ... 69  PART 3 ... Program Structure ... 71  8 ... Program Structure ... 73  9 ... Programs ... 75  9.1 ... Standalone Programs ... 75  9.1.1 ... Program Types ... 75  9.1.2 ... Introductory Program Statement ... 76  9.2 ... Executable Programs ... 77  9.2.1 ... Additions for the Basic List of the Program ... 78  9.2.2 ... Addition for the Message Class ... 80  9.2.3 ... Addition for Subroutine Pools ... 80  9.3 ... Module Pools and Subroutine Pools ... 80  9.4 ... Function Groups ... 82  9.5 ... Class Pools ... 84  9.6 ... Interface Pools ... 85  9.7 ... Type Groups ... 86  10 ... Modularization ... 89  10.1 ... Procedures ... 89  10.1.1 ... Parameter Interface of Procedures ... 90  10.1.2 ... Method Implementation ... 92  10.1.3 ... Function Modules ... 93  10.2 ... Dialog Modules ... 99  10.3 ... Event Blocks ... 100  10.3.1 ... Program Constructor ... 101  10.3.2 ... Reporting Events ... 102  10.3.3 ... Selection Screen Events and List Events ... 106  10.4 ... Source Code Modules ... 107  10.4.1 ... Include Programs ... 107  10.4.2 ... Macros ... 109  11 ... Built-in Elements ... 113  11.1 ... Built-in Data Types ... 113  11.1.1 ... Built-in ABAP Types ... 113  11.1.2 ... Generic ABAP Types ... 118  11.1.3 ... Built-in Types in the ABAP Dictionary ... 120  11.2 ... Built-in Data Objects ... 131  11.2.1 ... ABAP System Fields ... 131  11.2.2 ... space, me, and screen ... 138  11.3 ... Built-in Functions ... 140  11.3.1 ... Syntax of Built-in Functions ... 140  11.3.2 ... Overview of Built-in Functions ... 141  PART 4 ... Declarative Statements ... 145  12 ... Types and Objects ... 147  12.1 ... Validity and Visibility ... 148  12.2 ... Absolute Type Names ... 149  12.3 ... Shared Objects ... 152  13 ... Data Types and Data Objects ... 153  13.1 ... Declaring Data Types ... 153  13.1.1 ... Defining Types with Predefined ABAP Types ... 154  13.1.2 ... Defining Types by Referring to Existing Types ... 155  13.1.3 ... Defining Reference Types ... 156  13.1.4 ... Defining Structured Types ... 158  13.1.5 ... Defining Table Types ... 164  13.1.6 ... Defining Ranges Table Types ... 174  13.1.7 ... Defining LOB Handle Structures ... 175  13.2 ... Declaring Data Objects ... 179  13.2.1 ... Literals ... 179  13.2.2 ... Declaring Variables ... 182  13.2.3 ... Declaring Constants ... 194  13.2.4 ... Declaring Static Data Objects in Procedures ... 195  13.2.5 ... Declaring Table Work Areas ... 196  13.2.6 ... Declaring Data Objects for HR Infotypes ... 200  14 ... Classes and Interfaces ... 203  14.1 ... Defining Classes ... 203  14.1.1 ... Declaration ... 204  14.1.2 ... Specifying Class Properties ... 205  14.1.3 ... Visibility Sections of Classes ... 213  14.1.4 ... Class Components ... 217  14.1.5 ... Implementation Section ... 218  14.1.6 ... Declaring Classes ... 220  14.1.7 ... Local Friends of Global Classes ... 221  14.2 ... Defining Interfaces ... 221  14.2.1 ... Definition ... 222  14.2.2 ... Interface Components ... 223  14.2.3 ... Declaring Interfaces ... 224  14.3 ... Declaring Components ... 224  14.3.1 ... Attributes and Data Types ... 224  14.3.2 ... Methods ... 226  14.3.3 ... Events ... 249  14.3.4 ... Interface Components ... 252  15 ... Field Symbols ... 259  16 ... Typing ... 261  16.1 ... Syntax of Typing ... 261  16.1.1 ... Generic Typing ... 262  16.1.2 ... Complete Typing ... 264  16.2 ... Checking the Typing ... 265  16.2.1 ... General Rules ... 265  16.2.2 ... Return Values of Functional Methods ... 267  16.2.3 ... Literals as Actual Parameters ... 268  16.2.4 ... Functions and Expressions as Actual Parameters ... 270  PART 5 ... Generating Objects ... 273  17 ... Creating Objects ... 275  17.1 ... Creating Data Objects ... 275  17.1.1 ... Defining the Data Type Implicitly ... 276  17.1.2 ... Defining the Data Type Through Built-in ABAP Types ... 277  17.1.3 ... Defining Data Through an Existing Type ... 278  17.1.4 ... Creating Data with Reference to a Type Object ... 280  17.1.5 ... Creating Reference Variables ... 281  17.1.6 ... Creating Internal Tables ... 282  17.1.7 ... Creating Shared Objects ... 284  17.1.8 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 287  17.2 ... Creating Instances of Classes ... 287  17.2.1 ... Specifying the Class Implicitly ... 288  17.2.2 ... Specifying the Class Explicitly ... 289  17.2.3 ... Creating Shared Objects ... 290  17.2.4 ... Static Parameter Passing ... 291  17.2.5 ... Dynamic Parameter Passing ... 292  17.2.6 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 294  PART 6 ... Executing Program Units ... 295  18 ... Calling Programs ... 297  18.1 ... Calling Executable Programs ... 297  18.1.1 ... Processing an Executable Program ... 297  18.1.2 ... Calling of an Executable Program ... 299  18.2 ... Calling Transactions ... 315  18.2.1 ... Calling a Transaction with Returning to the Calling Program ... 315  18.2.2 ... Calling a Transaction without Returning to the Calling Program ... 321  19 ... Calling Processing Blocks ... 323  19.1 ... Calling Procedures ... 323  19.1.1 ... Internal and External Procedure Call ... 323  19.1.2 ... Calling Methods ... 327  19.1.3 ... Calling Function Modules ... 341  19.1.4 ... Calling Subroutines ... 349  19.2 ... Calling Event Handlers ... 354  19.2.1 ... Triggering Events ... 354  19.2.2 ... Registering Event Handlers ... 355  19.3 ... Calling Event Blocks ... 359  20 ... Exiting Program Units ... 361  20.1 ... Leaving Programs ... 361  20.2 ... Exiting Processing Blocks ... 362  20.2.1 ... Terminating Processing Blocks Normally ... 362  20.2.2 ... Exiting Processing Blocks Unconditionally ... 363  20.2.3 ... Exiting Processing Blocks Conditionally ... 366  20.3 ... Exiting Loops ... 368  20.3.1 ... Exiting Loops Unconditionally ... 368  20.3.2 ... Exiting Loop Passes Unconditionally ... 369  20.3.3 ... Exiting Loop Passes Conditionally ... 370  PART 7 ... Program Flow Control ... 371  21 ... Logical Conditions ... 373  21.1 ... Logical Expressions ... 373  21.1.1 ... Comparisons ... 374  21.1.2 ... Predicates ... 388  21.1.3 ... Evaluating Selection Tables ... 393  21.1.4 ... Boolean Operators and Brackets ... 395  21.2 ... Logical Functions ... 400  21.2.1 ... Boolean Functions ... 400  21.2.2 ... Predicate Functions ... 401  22 ... Control Structures ... 405  22.1 ... Branches ... 405  22.1.1 ... Conditional Branches ... 406  22.1.2 ... Case Distinction ... 407  22.2 ... Loops ... 408  22.2.1 ... Unconditional Loops ... 408  22.2.2 ... Conditional Loops ... 409  22.2.3 ... Interrupting the Program ... 410  22.3 ... Exception Handling ... 411  22.3.1 ... Class-Based Exceptions ... 411  22.3.2 ... Exceptions Before the Introduction of Class-Based Exceptions ... 428  22.3.3 ... Exceptions in ABAP Statements ... 432  22.3.4 ... Runtime Errors ... 433  PART 8 ... Assignments ... 435  23 ... Assignment Rules ... 437  23.1 ... Compatibility of Data Types ... 438  23.1.1 ... Compatibility of Non-Generic Data Types ... 438  23.1.2 ... Compatibility of Generic Data Types ... 439  23.1.3 ... Reference Types ... 439  23.2 ... Conversion Rules for Elementary Data Objects ... 440  23.2.1 ... Source Field Type c ... 441  23.2.2 ... Source Field Type d ... 444  23.2.3 ... Source Field Type decfloat16 or decfloat34 ... 446  23.2.4 ... Source Field Type f ... 448  23.2.5 ... Source Field Type i, b, or s ... 449  23.2.6 ... Source Field Type n ... 452  23.2.7 ... Source Field Type p ... 453  23.2.8 ... Source Field Type string ... 454  23.2.9 ... Source Field Type t ... 455  23.2.10 ... Source Field Type x ... 457  23.2.11 ... Source Field Type xstring ... 458  23.2.12 ... Numeric Values in Character-Type Fields ... 459  23.3 ... Conversion Rules for Structures ... 461  23.3.1 ... Unicode Fragment View ... 462  23.3.2 ... Conversion between Flat Structures ... 463  23.3.3 ... Conversion between Flat Structures and Single Fields ... 466  23.4 ... Conversion Rules for Internal Tables ... 467  23.5 ... Assignment Rules for Reference Variables ... 467  23.5.1 ... Static and Dynamic Type ... 468  23.5.2 ... Assignments between Data Reference Variables ... 469  23.5.3 ... Assignments between Object Reference Variables ... 470  23.6 ... System Class for Character Set Conversion and Number Format Conversion ... 472  24 ... Assigning Values ... 473  24.1 ... General Assignment ... 474  24.2 ... Lossless Assignment ... 476  24.2.1 ... Lossless Assignment of Elementary Data Objects ... 477  24.2.2 ... Lossless Assignment of Structures ... 484  24.2.3 ... Lossless Assignment of Internal Tables ... 484  24.2.4 ... Lossless Assignment of Reference Variables ... 485  24.2.5 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 485  24.3 ... Multiple Assignments ... 486  24.4 ... Assigning Structure Components ... 486  24.5 ... Special Assignment of a Packed Number ... 489  25 ... Setting References ... 491  25.1 ... Assigning Data Objects to Field Symbols ... 491  25.1.1 ... Specifying the Memory Area ... 492  25.1.2 ... Specifying the Data Type ... 503  25.1.3 ... Specifying Area Limits ... 506  25.1.4 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 509  25.2 ... Retrieving Data References ... 510  26 ... Initializations ... 513  26.1 ... Initializing Data Objects ... 513  26.2 ... Releasing Memory ... 514  26.3 ... Initializing Field Symbols ... 515  PART 9 ... Processing Internal Data ... 517  27 ... Numerical Calculations ... 519  27.1 ... Statements for Numerical Calculations ... 519  27.1.1 ... Statement for Calculation Expressions ... 519  27.1.2 ... Addition ... 522  27.1.3 ... Subtraction ... 523  27.1.4 ... Multiplication ... 524  27.1.5 ... Division ... 524  27.2 ... Arithmetic Expressions ... 525  27.2.1 ... Arithmetic Operators ... 527  27.2.2 ... Bracketing ... 528  27.2.3 ... Calculation Type ... 528  27.2.4 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 532  27.3 ... Numerical Functions ... 533  27.3.1 ... General Numerical Functions ... 533  27.3.2 ... Numerical Extreme Value Functions ... 534  27.3.3 ... Floating Point Functions ... 536  27.3.4 ... Rounding Functions ... 538  27.3.5 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 544  27.4 ... System Classes for Mathematical Operations ... 544  27.4.1 ... Operations with Floating Point Numbers ... 544  27.4.2 ... Random Numbers ... 545  28 ... Character String and Byte String Processing ... 547  28.1 ... Properties of Character String and Byte String Processing ... 547  28.1.1 ... Character Strings and Byte Strings ... 547  28.1.2 ... Operands in Character String and Byte String Processing ... 547  28.1.3 ... Trailing Blanks in Character String Processing ... 549  28.2 ... Statements for Character String and Byte String Processing ... 550  28.2.1 ... Concatenate ... 551  28.2.2 ... Find ... 553  28.2.3 ... Replace ... 561  28.2.4 ... Shift ... 567  28.2.5 ... Split ... 571  28.2.6 ... Condense ... 574  28.2.7 ... Conversion into a Sortable Format ... 575  28.2.8 ... Overlay ... 576  28.2.9 ... Translate ... 577  28.2.10 ... Format ... 579  28.2.11 ... Setting Single Bits ... 601  28.2.12 ... Reading Single Bits ... 602  28.3 ... Character String Expressions ... 603  28.3.1 ... Character String Templates ... 604  28.3.2 ... Chaining Operator ... 624  28.3.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 625  28.4 ... Character String Functions ... 625  28.4.1 ... Description Functions ... 625  28.4.2 ... Processing Functions ... 630  28.4.3 ... Common Parameters ... 645  28.4.4 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 648  28.5 ... Regular Expressions ... 649  28.5.1 ... Syntax of Regular Expressions ... 649  28.5.2 ... Single Character Patterns ... 653  28.5.3 ... Character String Patterns ... 660  28.5.4 ... Search Patterns ... 664  28.5.5 ... Replacement Patterns ... 669  28.5.6 ... Simplified Regular Expressions ... 671  28.5.7 ... Testing Regular Expressions ... 673  28.5.8 ... Exceptions in Regular Expressions ... 674  28.6 ... Expressions and Functions for Byte String Processing ... 675  28.6.1 ... Bit Expressions ... 675  28.6.2 ... Byte String Functions ... 678  28.7 ... System Classes for Character String and Byte String Processing ... 679  28.7.1 ... String Processing ... 679  28.7.2 ... Compression ... 679  29 ... Internal Tables ... 681  29.1 ... Properties of Internal Tables ... 681  29.1.1 ... Table Type ... 681  29.1.2 ... Table Category ... 683  29.1.3 ... Table Key ... 684  29.1.4 ... Access to Internal Tables ... 693  29.1.5 ... Administration Costs of Internal Tables ... 694  29.2 ... Statements for Internal Tables ... 696  29.2.1 ... Reading Single Lines ... 696  29.2.2 ... Loop Processing ... 712  29.2.3 ... Control Level Processing ... 722  29.2.4 ... Inserting Lines ... 726  29.2.5 ... Inserting Compressed Lines ... 733  29.2.6 ... Appending Lines ... 736  29.2.7 ... Modifying Lines ... 742  29.2.8 ... Deleting Lines ... 749  29.2.9 ... Sorting ... 757  29.2.10 ... Syntax for Component Specifications ... 764  29.2.11 ... Syntax for Key Specifications ... 766  29.2.12 ... Character and Byte String Processing in Internal Tables ... 766  29.3 ... Table Function ... 772  29.4 ... Special Statement for Internal Tables ... 772  30 ... Extracts ... 779  30.1 ... Declaring Field Groups ... 779  30.2 ... Defining the Line Structure ... 780  30.3 ... Filling the Extract Dataset ... 781  30.4 ... Sorting the Extract Dataset ... 782  30.5 ... Reading the Extract Dataset ... 785  30.6 ... Control-Level Processing ... 785  30.6.1 ... Counter ... 788  30.6.2 ... Sums ... 789  31 ... Properties of Data ... 791  31.1 ... Specifying Elementary Properties ... 791  31.1.1 ... Elementary Properties of Any Data Objects ... 791  31.1.2 ... Elementary Properties of Internal Tables ... 798  31.1.3 ... Distance between Data Objects ... 799  31.2 ... Run Time Type Services ... 801  32 ... Streaming ... 803  32.1 ... Classes and Interfaces for Streams ... 803  32.1.1 ... Classes for Data Streams and Filter Streams ... 804  32.1.2 ... Interfaces and Superclasses ... 804  32.1.3 ... Important Methods ... 805  32.2 ... Streaming for Data Objects ... 806  32.2.1 ... Streaming for Strings ... 806  32.2.2 ... Streaming for Internal Tables ... 807  PART 10 ... User Dialogs ... 809  33 ... Classic Dynpros ... 811  33.1 ... SAP GUI ... 812  33.2 ... Dynpro Fields ... 813  33.3 ... Dynpro Flow and Dynpro Sequences ... 814  33.4 ... Statements in the Dynpro Flow Logic ... 815  33.4.1 ... Event Blocks of the Dynpro Flow Logic ... 816  33.4.2 ... Calling Dialog Modules ... 818  33.4.3 ... Controlling Data Transfer and Flow Logic ... 822  33.4.4 ... Processing Chains ... 828  33.4.5 ... Table Controls ... 829  33.4.6 ... Subscreens, Tabstrip, and Splitter Controls ... 833  33.5 ... ABAP Statements for Dynpros ... 839  33.5.1 ... Calling a Dynpro Sequence ... 839  33.5.2 ... Setting the GUI Status ... 840  33.5.3 ... Determining the GUI Status ... 842  33.5.4 ... Setting the GUI Title ... 843  33.5.5 ... Suppressing the Display ... 845  33.5.6 ... Reading Attributes of Screen Elements ... 846  33.5.7 ... Modifying Attributes of Screen Elements ... 848  33.5.8 ... Setting the Cursor ... 850  33.5.9 ... Evaluating the Cursor Position ... 852  33.5.10 ... Declaring Controls ... 853  33.5.11 ... Initializing Table Control ... 859  33.5.12 ... Exiting Step-Loop Processing ... 859  33.5.13 ... Holding Input Data ... 860  33.5.14 ... Setting the Next Dynpro ... 861  33.5.15 ... Leaving a Dynpro ... 861  34 ... Selection Screens ... 863  34.1 ... Creating Selection Screens ... 864  34.1.1 ... Creating Selection Screens ... 864  34.1.2 ... Laying Out Selection Screens ... 868  34.1.3 ... Adopting Elements of Other Selection Screens ... 885  34.2 ... Defining Parameters ... 889  34.2.1 ... Data Type of the Parameter ... 891  34.2.2 ... Attributes of Screen Elements ... 894  34.2.3 ... Attributes of the Value and Passing of Values ... 898  34.3 ... Defining Selection Criteria ... 902  34.3.1 ... Data Type of the low and high Columns ... 906  34.3.2 ... Attributes of Screen Elements ... 908  34.3.3 ... Attributes of the Value and Passing of Values ... 910  34.3.4 ... Addition for Selection Screens of Logical Databases ... 912  34.4 ... Calling Selection Screens ... 913  34.4.1 ... Call via SUBMIT ... 913  34.4.2 ... Call via Report Transaction ... 913  34.4.3 ... Call via Dialog Transaction ... 914  34.4.4 ... Call in the Program ... 914  34.5 ... Selection-Screen Processing ... 915  34.6 ... Selection Screen Events ... 916  34.6.1 ... PBO ... 917  34.6.2 ... Passing Individual Data ... 918  34.6.3 ... Passing a Multiple Selection ... 918  34.6.4 ... Block Transfer ... 918  34.6.5 ... Passing the Data of a Radio Button Group ... 919  34.6.6 ... Overall Transfer ... 919  34.6.7 ... POH and POV ... 919  34.6.8 ... Exit Command ... 920  34.7 ... Free Selections ... 921  34.7.1 ... Free Selections in Logical Databases ... 921  34.7.2 ... Free Selections in Any Programs ... 922  35 ... Classic Lists ... 925  35.1 ... Properties of Classic Lists ... 925  35.1.1 ... Lists in ABAP Programs ... 925  35.1.2 ... Basic List ... 925  35.1.3 ... Details Lists ... 926  35.1.4 ... Structure of a List ... 926  35.1.5 ... Print Lists ... 927  35.1.6 ... Lists and ABAP Objects ... 927  35.2 ... Creating Lists ... 928  35.2.1 ... Writing Lists ... 928  35.2.2 ... Output Length in Lists ... 934  35.2.3 ... Processing the Output ... 938  35.2.4 ... Formatting the Output ... 939  35.2.5 ... Automatic Line Elements ... 940  35.2.6 ... List Elements ... 940  35.2.7 ... Creating Blank Lines ... 945  35.2.8 ... Creating Horizontal Lines ... 945  35.2.9 ... Formatting List Sections ... 946  35.2.10 ... Controlling Blank Lines ... 953  35.2.11 ... Positioning the List Cursor Vertically ... 954  35.2.12 ... Positioning the List Cursor Horizontally ... 958  35.2.13 ... Fixed Area When Scrolling Horizontally ... 959  35.2.14 ... Page Breaks and Print Lists ... 960  35.2.15 ... Conditional Page Break ... 968  35.2.16 ... Storing Variables in the List Level ... 969  35.3 ... Processing Lists in the List Buffer ... 970  35.3.1 ... Reading List Lines ... 970  35.3.2 ... Modifying List Lines ... 973  35.3.3 ... Scrolling Lists ... 975  35.3.4 ... Reading List Attributes ... 978  35.4 ... Displaying Lists ... 981  35.4.1 ... Calling Basic Lists ... 982  35.4.2 ... Leaving the List Display ... 983  35.4.3 ... Displaying a List in the Dialog Window ... 984  35.4.4 ... GUI Status of a Screen List ... 985  35.4.5 ... Title of a Screen List ... 987  35.4.6 ... Positioning the Cursor on the List ... 987  35.4.7 ... Evaluating the List at the Cursor Position ... 990  35.5 ... Printing Lists ... 992  35.5.1 ... Switching Printing On and Off ... 992  35.5.2 ... Print List Levels and Spool Requests ... 993  35.5.3 ... Print Parameters ... 995  35.5.4 ... Print Control ... 1001  35.5.5 ... Printing Screen Lists ... 1005  35.6 ... Event Blocks for List Events ... 1006  35.6.1 ... Events during List Creation ... 1006  35.6.2 ... Events after User Actions in Displayed Lists ... 1008  35.6.3 ... Triggering List Events from the Program ... 1011  36 ... Messages ... 1013  36.1 ... Storing Messages ... 1013  36.2 ... Behavior of Messages ... 1014  36.2.1 ... Messages in List Processing ... 1014  36.2.2 ... Messages in Dialog Processing ... 1015  36.2.3 ... Messages in Control Processing ... 1019  36.2.4 ... Messages in Batch Input ... 1019  36.2.5 ... Messages in Background Processing ... 1020  36.2.6 ... Messages during Updates ... 1020  36.2.7 ... Messages in Conversion Routines ... 1021  36.2.8 ... Messages in Procedures ... 1021  36.2.9 ... Messages in RFC Processing ... 1022  36.2.10 ... Messages in HTTP Servers ... 1022  36.3 ... Sending Messages ... 1022  36.3.1 ... Specifying a Message ... 1023  36.3.2 ... Specifying a Character String ... 1028  36.3.3 ... Message Options ... 1029  PART 11 ... Processing External Data ... 1033  37 ... Database Accesses ... 1035  37.1 ... Database Tables ... 1035  37.1.1 ... Relational Databases ... 1035  37.1.2 ... Indexes of Database Tables ... 1036  37.2 ... Open SQL ... 1036  37.2.1 ... Environment of Open SQL ... 1036  37.2.2 ... Read Accesses ... 1043  37.2.3 ... Write Accesses ... 1098  37.2.4 ... Work Areas for Open SQL ... 1119  37.2.5 ... Streaming and Locators for Open SQL ... 1121  37.2.6 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1125  37.3 ... Object Services ... 1125  37.3.1 ... Persistence Service ... 1125  37.3.2 ... Transaction Service ... 1128  37.3.3 ... Query Service ... 1129  37.4 ... Native SQL ... 1131  37.4.1 ... Integrating Native SQL ... 1131  37.4.2 ... Host Variables ... 1133  37.4.3 ... Cursor Processing ... 1134  37.4.4 ... Calling Stored Procedures ... 1136  37.4.5 ... Defining a Database Connection ... 1138  37.4.6 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1142  37.5 ... ADBC ... 1142  37.5.1 ... Executing SQL Statements ... 1142  37.5.2 ... Preparing SQL Statements ... 1147  37.5.3 ... Database Connections ... 1148  37.5.4 ... Exception Class for ADBC ... 1150  38 ... Data Clusters ... 1151  38.1 ... Creating Data Clusters ... 1151  38.1.1 ... Defining Data Clusters ... 1152  38.1.2 ... Specifying the Memory Medium ... 1153  38.1.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1158  38.1.4 ... INDX-Like Database Tables ... 1158  38.1.5 ... SQL Access to Data Clusters ... 1160  38.2 ... Reading Data Clusters ... 1161  38.2.1 ... Specifying the Source ... 1161  38.2.2 ... Specifying the Memory Medium ... 1163  38.2.3 ... Conversion Additions ... 1166  38.2.4 ... Text Language Rule ... 1173  38.2.5 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1174  38.3 ... Importing the Directory ... 1174  38.4 ... Deleting Data Clusters ... 1176  38.5 ... Deleting Data Clusters in the ABAP Memory ... 1178  38.6 ... System Classes for Data Clusters ... 1178  39 ... File Interface ... 1179  39.1 ... Properties of the File Interface ... 1179  39.1.1 ... Addressing Files ... 1179  39.1.2 ... Authorizations for Accessing Files ... 1180  39.1.3 ... Locks ... 1182  39.1.4 ... File Interface and Unicode ... 1182  39.2 ... Opening a File ... 1183  39.2.1 ... Specifying the Access Type ... 1184  39.2.2 ... Specifying the Storage Type ... 1185  39.2.3 ... Specifying the Position ... 1193  39.2.4 ... Operating System-Dependent Additions ... 1194  39.2.5 ... Error Handling ... 1196  39.2.6 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1198  39.3 ... Writing a File ... 1199  39.3.1 ... Specifying Lengths ... 1200  39.3.2 ... Defining the Line End Marker ... 1201  39.3.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1202  39.4 ... Reading a File ... 1202  39.4.1 ... Specifying the Maximum Length ... 1205  39.4.2 ... Determining the Length Read ... 1206  39.4.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1206  39.5 ... Determining File Attributes ... 1207  39.5.1 ... Determining the Position ... 1207  39.5.2 ... Determining Attributes ... 1208  39.5.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1210  39.6 ... Changing File Attributes ... 1211  39.6.1 ... Specifying the Position ... 1211  39.6.2 ... Changing Attributes ... 1213  39.6.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1215  39.7 ... Changing the File Size ... 1215  39.8 ... Closing a File ... 1217  39.9 ... Deleting a File ... 1218  40 ... Data Consistency ... 1219  40.1 ... Database LUW ... 1219  40.1.1 ... Database Commit ... 1220  40.1.2 ... Database Rollback ... 1221  40.1.3 ... Database Commits/Rollbacks for a Database Connection ... 1222  40.2 ... SAP LUW ... 1223  40.2.1 ... Registering Update Function Modules ... 1224  40.2.2 ... Registering Subroutines ... 1226  40.2.3 ... Executing an SAP Commit ... 1227  40.2.4 ... Executing an SAP Rollback ... 1230  40.2.5 ... Activating a Local Update ... 1231  40.3 ... Database Locks ... 1232  40.3.1 ... Setting Database Locks ... 1232  40.3.2 ... Types of Database Locks ... 1232  40.3.3 ... Isolation Level ... 1233  40.3.4 ... Deadlock ... 1233  40.3.5 ... Releasing Database Locks ... 1234  40.4 ... SAP Locks ... 1234  40.4.1 ... Setting and Checking SAP Locks ... 1234  40.4.2 ... Releasing SAP Locks ... 1235  40.5 ... Authorizations ... 1236  PART 12 ... Program Parameters ... 1239  41 ... Parameters in the SAP Memory ... 1241  41.1 ... SPA/GPA Parameters ... 1241  41.1.1 ... SPA/GPA Parameters and ABAP Programs ... 1241  41.1.2 ... Administrating SPA/GPA Parameters ... 1242  41.1.3 ... SPA/GPA Parameters and Dynpro Fields ... 1243  41.2 ... Setting SPA/GPA Parameters ... 1243  41.3 ... Reading SPA/GPA Parameters ... 1245  42 ... Language Environment ... 1247  42.1 ... Text Pools ... 1247  42.2 ... Text Environment ... 1249  42.2.1 ... Text Environment in Unicode Systems ... 1250  42.2.2 ... Text Environment in non-Unicode Systems ... 1250  42.2.3 ... Setting the Text Environment ... 1251  42.2.4 ... Determining the Text Environment ... 1255  42.3 ... Formatting Settings ... 1255  42.3.1 ... Country-Specific Formats ... 1256  42.3.2 ... Setting Formatting Settings ... 1259  43 ... Date and Time Information ... 1261  43.1 ... System Fields for Date and Time ... 1261  43.2 ... Time Stamps ... 1263  43.2.1 ... Properties of Time Stamps ... 1263  43.2.2 ... Creating Current Time Stamp ... 1266  43.2.3 ... Converting Time Stamp Into Local Time ... 1267  43.2.4 ... Converting Local Time Into a Time Stamp ... 1269  PART 13 ... Program Processing ... 1273  44 ... Testing and Checking Programs ... 1275  44.1 ... Checkpoints ... 1275  44.1.1 ... Assertions ... 1275  44.1.2 ... Breakpoints ... 1279  44.1.3 ... Logpoints ... 1282  44.2 ... Runtime Measurement ... 1282  44.2.1 ... Relative Program Runtime ... 1282  44.2.2 ... Setting the Time Resolution ... 1284  44.2.3 ... Class for Runtime Measurements ... 1285  44.3 ... Runtime Analysis ... 1285  45 ... Program Editing ... 1287  45.1 ... Source Code ... 1287  45.1.1 ... Dynamic Subroutine Pool ... 1287  45.1.2 ... Reading a Program ... 1293  45.1.3 ... Syntax Check ... 1295  45.1.4 ... Creating or Overwriting a Program ... 1299  45.1.5 ... Calling the ABAP Editor ... 1303  45.2 ... Text Elements ... 1304  45.2.1 ... Reading a Text Pool ... 1304  45.2.2 ... Creating or Overwriting a Text Pool ... 1306  PART 14 ... Data and Communication Interfaces ... 1309  46 ... Remote Function Call ... 1311  46.1 ... Properties of an RFC ... 1311  46.1.1 ... RFC Interface ... 1312  46.1.2 ... RFC Language Elements ... 1312  46.1.3 ... RFC Destination ... 1313  46.1.4 ... RFC Context ... 1314  46.1.5 ... RFC Protocol ... 1314  46.1.6 ... RFC Exceptions ... 1315  46.1.7 ... RFC System Fields ... 1317  46.1.8 ... RFC Authorizations ... 1317  46.1.9 ... RFC Trust Relationships ... 1317  46.1.10 ... RFC Dialog Interactions ... 1318  46.1.11 ... RFC Restrictions ... 1319  46.2 ... Remote Function Call ... 1320  46.2.1 ... Synchronous Remote Function Call ... 1320  46.2.2 ... Asynchronous Remote Function Call ... 1326  46.2.3 ... Background RFC ... 1333  46.2.4 ... Transactional Remote Function Call ... 1335  47 ... XML Interface ... 1337  47.1 ... XSL Transformations ... 1337  47.2 ... Simple Transformations ... 1338  47.3 ... Canonical XML Representation ... 1339  47.3.1 ... General Format ... 1339  47.3.2 ... Mapping ABAP Data Types ... 1341  47.4 ... Calling a Transformation ... 1360  47.4.1 ... Transformation Source ... 1361  47.4.2 ... Transformation Result ... 1362  47.4.3 ... Transformation Parameters ... 1364  47.4.4 ... Transformation Options ... 1366  47.4.5 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1370  48 ... OLE Interface ... 1373  48.1 ... Creating an Automation Object ... 1373  48.2 ... Calling an Automation Method ... 1375  48.3 ... Determining the Attributes of an Automation Object ... 1378  48.4 ... Changing the Attributes of an Automation Object ... 1379  48.5 ... Releasing an Automation Object ... 1380  PART 15 ... Enhancements ... 1381  49 ... Source Code Enhancement ... 1383  49.1 ... Implicit Enhancement Options ... 1383  49.2 ... Explicit Enhancement Options ... 1384  49.2.1 ... Enhancement Option for Point ... 1384  49.2.2 ... Enhancement Option for Section ... 1386  49.2.3 ... Enhancement Implementation ... 1389  50 ... BAdIs ... 1391  50.1 ... Creating a BAdI Object ... 1392  50.1.1 ... Specifying Filter Values ... 1394  50.1.2 ... Specifying the Context ... 1395  50.1.3 ... Treatable Exceptions ... 1396  50.2 ... Calling BAdI Methods ... 1396  PART 16 ... Obsolete Statements ... 1399  51 ... Obsolete Syntax ... 1401  51.1 ... Obsolete Statement Structures ... 1401  51.2 ... Obsolete Pseudo Comments ... 1401  51.2.1 ... Pseudo Comments for the Extended Program Check ... 1401  51.2.2 ... Pseudo Comments for Test Classes ... 1402  51.3 ... Obsolete Deactivation of the Program Check ... 1403  52 ... Obsolete Modularization ... 1405  52.1 ... Obsolete Subroutines ... 1405  52.1.1 ... Creating a Subroutine ... 1405  52.1.2 ... Defining a Subroutine in Parts ... 1411  52.2 ... Obsolete Function Module Parameters ... 1412  52.2.1 ... Declaring Table Parameters ... 1412  52.2.2 ... Obsolete Typing ... 1413  52.2.3 ... Global Parameters ... 1414  52.3 ... Obsolete Temporary Storage ... 1415  53 ... Obsolete Declarations ... 1417  53.1 ... Obsolete Type Definitions ... 1417  53.1.1 ... Implicit Type Specifications ... 1417  53.1.2 ... Unnecessary Length Specifications ... 1417  53.1.3 ... Anonymous Components ... 1418  53.2 ... Obsolete Declaration and Loading ... 1418  53.2.1 ... Loading a Type Group ... 1418  53.2.2 ... Loading a Class or Interface ... 1419  53.2.3 ... Declaring a Data Object ... 1420  53.3 ... Obsolete Interface Work Areas ... 1420  53.3.1 ... Common Data Area ... 1421  53.3.2 ... Additional Table Work Area ... 1423  53.4 ... Obsolete Internal Tables ... 1423  53.4.1 ... Internal Tables with Header Line ... 1423  53.4.2 ... Obsolete Declaration of Any Line Types ... 1426  53.4.3 ... Explicit Declaration of a Header Line ... 1427  53.4.4 ... Obsolete Declaration of Structured Line Types ... 1427  53.4.5 ... Obsolete Declaration of Ranges Tables ... 1428  53.5 ... Obsolete Field Symbols ... 1429  53.5.1 ... Obsolete Typing ... 1429  53.5.2 ... Obsolete Casting ... 1429  53.6 ... Obsolete Type Reference ... 1431  54 ... Obsolete Object Creation ... 1433  55 ... Obsolete Calls ... 1437  55.1 ... Obsolete Dialog Modules ... 1437  55.1.1 ... Suppressing the Initial Screen ... 1438  55.1.2 ... Batch Input Session ... 1438  55.1.3 ... Parameter Passing ... 1439  55.2 ... Obsolete Function Module Exit ... 1439  55.3 ... Obsolete Function Module Exception ... 1441  55.4 ... Obsolete External Subroutine Call ... 1442  55.5 ... Obsolete Exiting ... 1442  55.5.1 ... Obsolete Exiting of Called Programs ... 1442  55.5.2 ... Obsolete Exiting of Any Processing Blocks ... 1443  56 ... Obsolete Program Flow Control ... 1445  56.1 ... Obsolete Logical Expressions ... 1445  56.1.1 ... Obsolete Relational Operators ... 1445  56.1.2 ... Obsolete Short Form for Selection Table ... 1445  56.1.3 ... Obsolete Check of Output Parameters ... 1446  56.2 ... Obsolete Control Structures ... 1447  56.2.1 ... Obsolete Statements in Case Distinctions ... 1447  56.2.2 ... Obsolete Branching ... 1447  56.2.3 ... Obsolete Unconditional Loop Processing ... 1449  56.2.4 ... Obsolete Conditional Loop Processing ... 1452  56.3 ... Obsolete Exception Handling ... 1452  57 ... Obsolete Assignments ... 1455  57.1 ... Obsolete Percentaged Subfield ... 1455  57.2 ... Obsolete Conversion ... 1455  57.3 ... Obsolete Casting ... 1456  57.4 ... Obsolete Dynamic Memory Area ... 1457  57.5 ... Obsolete Initialization ... 1458  58 ... Obsolete Calculation Statements ... 1459  58.1 ... Obsolete Addition of Field Sequences ... 1459  58.2 ... Calculating Component by Component ... 1461  59 ... Obsolete Character String and Byte String Processing ... 1463  59.1 ... Obsolete Search ... 1463  59.2 ... Obsolet