The North Germanic Morphosyntax of Modern English

Preface to this Edition: The Syntactic Roots of a Language by Anders Holmberg  
A Note on Diachronic Method: The Method of Syntax in Language History by Ludmila Veselovská
Acknowledgments
A Note on Notation and Numbering of Examples
Contents
About the Authors
1 The Germanic Language Family in England
	1.1 The Germanic Language Family
	1.2 A Working Definition of English
	1.3 Middle vs. Modern English
	1.4 Old vs. Middle English
	1.5 The Birthplace of Middle English
	1.6 Pre-conquest Cohabitation of Norse and Old English: Conflict ➔ Warfare ➔ Separateness
	1.7 The Languages of England at the Time of the Conquest
	1.8 Medieval Cultural Borrowing: From South to North
	1.9 Consequences of Conquest: Dispossession ➔ Integration ➔ A Common Tongue
	References
2 The Middle English Lexicon: Cultural Integration Creates Anglicized Norse
	2.1 The Lexical Amalgam of Norse and Old English
	2.2 The Daily Life Nature of Norse Words in Middle English
	2.3 Relative Contributions to the Middle English (Open Class) Lexicon
	2.4 Situating Beowulf Among the Anglo-Norse
	References
3 Norse Properties of Middle English Lacking in Old English
	3.1 Change of Word Order in Verb Phrases
		3.1.1 The Norse Source for the New Middle English Word Order
		3.1.2 Possible Old English Sources for Middle English Word Order
	3.2 From Old English Prefixes on Verbs to Middle English Post-verbal Particles
	3.3 North Germanic Subject-to-Subject Raising
	3.4 North Germanic Subject-to-Object Raising
	3.5 The Middle English Increase in Auxiliary Verbs
		3.5.1 The Source of English Future Auxiliaries
		3.5.2 The Middle English Possibility of Two Modals in a Row
		3.5.3 Middle English Perfect Infinitives (have + past participle)
	3.6 Infinitival Clauses as Predicate Attributes
	3.7 Stranded Prepositions
		3.7.1 The Special Syntax of Modern English and Scandinavian
		3.7.2 The Old Scandinavian Source of Stranding
		3.7.3 Conditions for the Emergence of Preposition Stranding
	3.8 Presence of the Preposition in Elliptical Clause
	References
4 Split Infinitives and the Category of to
	4.1 General Development of Germanic Infinitival Markers
	4.2 North Germanic Infinitive Markers in COMP
	4.3 Split Infinitives in Mainland Scandinavian
	4.4 Split Infinitives in Middle English
	References
5 Morphosyntactic Properties of Old English Lacking in Old Scandinavian and Middle English
	5.1 The Norse Character of Middle English “Verb Second”
	5.2 Middle English and Norse Relativizers: Overt and Caseless
	5.3 West Germanic Subjunctives and Indirect Discourse
	5.4 Disappearance of Old English Inherent Reflexives
	5.5 Disappearance of Old English Correlative Adverbs
	References
6 Innovations Shared Between English and Mainland Scandinavian
	6.1 The Phrasal Host of the Genitive Suffix
	6.2 “Case Leveling” of Scandinavian and Middle English Pronouns
	6.3 Analytic Grading for Longer Adjectives
	6.4 Parasitic Gaps
	6.5 Tag Questions Based on Syntactic Copies
	6.6 Analytic Indirect Objects
	6.7 The Source of Modern English Articles
	6.8 Conclusions about Middle English Syntax
	References
7 The Hybrid Grammatical Lexicon of Middle English
	7.1 The Central Role of Grammatical Lexicons
	7.2 Grammatical Free Morphemes of Middle English
		7.2.1 The Category V: Grammatical Verbs
		7.2.2 The Modal Auxiliaries
		7.2.3 The Category D: Pronouns, Demonstratives, and Quantifiers
		7.2.4 The Category P: Prepositions
	7.3 Scandinavian Semantics of English Grammatical Adverbs
		7.3.1 A Norse Property of English Sentence Negation
		7.3.2 A Norse Property of English Time Adverbials
	7.4 Parentage of the Middle English Grammatical Lexicon
	References
8 The Sparse Inflection of Middle and Modern English
	8.1 A Generalized Loss of Inflection
	8.2 Loss of OE Case Inflection on Nouns and Adjectives
	8.3 Loss of Agreement and Subjunctive Inflections on Verbs
	8.4 Specifically Scandinavian Inflections Missing in ME
	8.5 The Slower Demise of Saxon Verb Agreement
	References
9 Phonological Indicators of a Norse Source for Middle English
	9.1 Pre-Vocalic Velars
	9.2 Loss of OE Low Off-Glides
	9.3 Reduction of Vowel Length Contrasts
	9.4 The New Middle English Phoneme -z from Anglicized Norse
	9.5 The Historical Source of the English Sibilant Noun Plural
	References
10 The Immigrants’ Language Lives On
	References
Appendix: Ad Hoc Steps for Deriving ME Plurals from OE
Epilogue: Particle Shift Patterns in Norwegian and English, by Tarald Taraldsen
Particle Shift
How to Link Pre-V vs. Post-V to VO vs. OV?
The Intricacies of Verb Particles and the Similarity Between English and Norwegian
How Did English Get to Be Like This?
Sources of Norse Examples
Sources of Old and Middle English Examples
References
Author Index
Subject Index