The Nile River System, Africa: Ecohydrology and Management from Catchment to Coast (Volume 2) (Ecohydrology from Catchment to Coast, Volume 2)

Front Cover
The Nile River System, Africa
The Nile River System, Africa: Ecohydrology and Management from Catchment to Coast
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Biography
Preface
I - Ecohydrology of the Nile River basin
	1 - The hydrology of the Nile River Basin
		1. Introduction
		2. Trans-boundary water resources in the Nile River Basin
			2.1 Nile River characteristics
			2.2 Nile River hydrology
			2.3 Nile water scarcity
			2.4 Nile water environmental degradation
			2.5 Nile River ecology
			2.6 Nile River climate change
		3. Nile River potential
			3.1 The Nile River major storage dams
				3.1.1 Aswan Low Dam 1898–1902
				3.1.2 Aswan High Dam 1960–71
				3.1.3 Rosaries Dam 1961–66
				3.1.4 Jebel Aulia 1933–37
				3.1.5 Sennar Dam 1925
				3.1.6 Khashm el-Girba Dam 1960–64
				3.1.7 Merowe Dam 2004–09
				3.1.8 Owen Falls Dam (Nalubaale Dam) 1954–68
				3.1.9 Tekezé Dam 1999–2009
				3.1.10 The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam 2011–present
		4. Hydropolitics in the Nile River Basin
			4.1 Ethiopia, Egypt, and the historical struggle for the Nile\'s waters
			4.2 Colonial-era conflicts over the Nile
			4.3 Negotiating the Nile water management
			4.4 Nature of transboundary Nile water agreements
		5. The Nile water treaties 1891–1959
		6. The present hydropolitical situation
			6.1 Nile water allocations
			6.2 Nile water socioeconomy
			6.3 Nile Basin drought and famine
			6.4 Nile water conflicts
			6.5 A Nile Basin war for water?
		7. The future of Egypt\'s water resources
			7.1 Population explosion
			7.2 Irrigation efficiency
			7.3 Water pollution
			7.4 Regional upheavals
		References
		Further reading
	2 - GERD and International Nile River hydropolitics: A hydro-political analysis
		1. Introduction
		2. The hydropolitics: an analytical framework
			2.1 The concept of hydrostrategic
			2.2 The concept of hydropolitical weakness
			2.3 The concept of hydro-diplomacy
			2.4 The concept of hydro-hegemony
			2.5 The concept of water security (hydropolitical security)
		3. Egypt\'s vulnerable water situation
			3.1 The importance of Nile River for the Egyptian national security
			3.2 Water poverty in Egypt
				3.2.1 The most essential water resources in Egypt
		4. The legal framework governing Nile waters
			4.1 Bilateral and multilateral existing Nile agreements
			4.2 The UN convention on the non-navigational uses of international watercourses
				4.2.1 The principle of “equitable and reasonable utilization”
				4.2.2 Obligation not to cause significant harm
				4.2.3 Relationship with existing regional agreements
		5. The impact of GERD on international Nile River hydropolitics
			5.1 Egyptian relations with Nile Basin Countries: cooperation dynamics and conflict triggers
				5.1.1 Cooperation dynamics
					5.1.1.1 The HYDROMET Project 1967
					5.1.1.2 Andogo 1983
					5.1.1.3 The TECCONILE project 1992
					5.1.1.4 The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) 1999
						5.1.1.4.1 NBI strategic action program
				5.1.2 Conflict triggers (water conflicts in the Nile Basin)
					5.1.2.1 Second: conflict over the “water sharing” between the Nile Basin countries
					5.1.2.2 The stand of the Nile upstream countries on the sharing of water
					5.1.2.3 The stand of Egypt on the sharing of water
					5.1.2.4 The position of the Nile upstream Countries on the sale of Nile water
					5.1.2.5 The Egyptian position on the sale of Nile water
					5.1.2.6 Third: the conflict over the “prior notification condition” in the Nile Basin
					5.1.2.7 The Egyptian position on the prior notification condition
					5.1.2.8 The position of the Nile upstream countries on the prior notification condition
			5.2 GERD and the rising conflict in the blue Nile River
		6. GERD construction according to international water law
			6.1 Dams construction governing rules and limitations
			6.2 The Egyptian legal position on GERD
		7. Hydropolitics scenarios in the Nile Basin in light of the current situation
			7.1 Current situation of trilateral negotiations
			7.2 The GERD: an opportunity for further cooperation or an inevitable conflict
		8. Conclusion
		References
	3 - Simulation and assessment of the flood from a GERD break
		1. Introduction
		2. Study area
			2.1 Site description
			2.2 Topographic and bathymetric surveys
			2.3 Historical discharge and water-level data
		3. Modeling methodology
			3.1 Dam break scenarios
			3.2 Inundation model
			3.3 Calibration of the model
		4. Results
			4.1 Peak flows
			4.2 Inundation maps
			4.3 Wave arrival time
		5. Conclusions
		References
		Further reading
	4 - The White Nile River developing water crisis
		1. Introduction
		2. The Lake Victoria Basin
			2.1 Hydrology
			2.2 Environmental and socioeconomic issues
			2.3 Climate change
		3. Lakes Kyoga, Albert, and Edward and the Semliki River
			3.1 Hydrology
			3.2 Oil
		4. South Sudan and the Sudd wetlands
			4.1 Hydrology south of the Sudd
			4.2 Hydrology west of the Sudd
			4.3 The Sudd hydrology
			4.4 Climate change in the Sudd
			4.5 The Sudd ecology and socioeconomics
			4.6 Oil in the Sudd
			4.7 Jonglei Canal
		5. Hydrology north of the Sudd
		6. A synthesis and conclusions
		References
	5 - Land cover changes between 2010 and 2020 in Lake Victoria basin in Tanzania
		1. Introduction
		2. Study area
			2.1 Topography
			2.2 Climate
			2.3 Hydrology
			2.4 Water availability
		3. Methods
		4. Results
			4.1 Land cover/use change
			4.2 Overgrazing
			4.3 Unsustainable agriculture practices
			4.4 Increased soil erosion and sediment load
			4.5 Status of water sources
		5. Discussions and conclusions
		References
		Further reading
II - Egypt and the Nile
	6 - The holy Nile of Egypt
		1. The ancient Egyptian names of the Nile and its waterway
		2. The river Nile and astronomy
		3. The Nile and the science of counting and areas measuring
		4. The Nile and building of dams in ancient Egypt
			4.1 The Kufra Dam
		5. The Nile and agriculture in Egypt
		6. Irrigation projects in ancient Egypt
		7. Land reclamation in ancient Egypt
		8. The Nile and ethics
		9. Building ships and boats
		10. Fishing in Egypt
		11. The people\'s recreation by the Nile and water streams
		12. The Nile gods
		13. Hymns to the Nile
		14. The Nile and its role in the liberation of the country
		15. The Nile and Afterlife beliefs
		16. The Nile and the beliefs of the sun god
		17. The Nile and the feasts of the inundation
		18. Conclusion
		List of abbreviation
		References
	7 - Nile River morphodynamic modeling and analysis
		1. Introduction
		2. Aspects of river morphology
			2.1 Morphodynamics modeling
		3. The Nile River morphological system
		4. Detailed geo-hydrodynamics results for the Bani Sweif reach
			4.1 Field data and model setup
			4.2 Model results
		5. Conclusions
		References
	8 - The sustainability of Egyptian Nile River fisheries
		1. Introduction
		2. Fishery description
		3. Catch composition
		4. Fishery statistics
			4.1 Catch statistics
			4.2 Fishing effort
			4.3 Fishing gears
			4.4 Catch per unit effort (CPUE)
		5. Surplus production models and maximum sustainable yield
		6. Challenges
		7. Toward the sustainability of Egyptian Nile fisheries
		References
	9 - Water quality assessment of drinking water intakes on the Nile River, Egypt
		1. Introduction
		2. Study area
		3. Methodology
			3.1 Data collection and presentation
			3.2 Statistical analysis
			3.3 Water quality indices (WQI)
				3.3.1 National Sanitation Foundation WQI (NSF-WQI)
				3.3.2 The Canadian Council of Ministries of the Environment WQI (CCME-WQI)
				3.3.3 Bascarón WQI
		4. Results
			4.1 Descriptive statistics
			4.2 Statistical analysis
			4.3 WQI analysis
				4.3.1 NSF-WQI
				4.3.2 CCME-WQI
				4.3.3 Bascarón WQI
		5. Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	10 - Isotope hydrology techniques to identify and quantify recharge and pollution sources in the Nile River system, ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Isotope hydrology for water resources studies in Egypt
			2.1 Isotope hydrology study on AHD Lake
			2.2 Isotope hydrology study on Assiut and Abanoub
			2.3 Isotope hydrology study on El Minia district
			2.4 Isotope hydrology study on southern Nile Delta
		3. Isotope hydrology for nitrogen-compounds pollution studies in Egypt
			3.1 Nitrogen-15 in Egyptian fertilizers
			3.2 Nitrogen-15 in Wadi El-Natrun study
			3.3 Nitrogen-15 in El-Gabal El-Asfar study
			3.4 Nitrogen-15 in Manzala Lake study
			3.5 Nitrogen-15 in Middle Nile Delta study
		4. Newer trends of isotope hydrology in Egypt
		5. Conclusions
		References
	11 - Modeling the bathymetry of coastal lakes using remote sensing and GIS. Case study of Lake Manzala, Egypt
		1. Introduction
		2. Material and methods
			2.1 Study area and data collection
			2.2 Satellite image
		3. Methods
		4. Results and discussions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further reading
	12 - Salinity intrusion in the Nile Estuary under climate change
		1. Introduction
		2. Methodology
			2.1 Study area
			2.2 The model
			2.3 Boundary conditions
		3. Results
			3.1 Model verification
			3.2 Predictions for the impact of climate change
				3.2.1 MSL rise
				3.2.2 Changes in river freshwater discharge
		4. Conclusions
		References
	13 - Environmental assessment and management for Rosetta Branch, the Nile River, Egypt
		1. Introduction
		2. Materials and methods
			2.1 Study area
			2.2 Data collection
			2.3 Water quality index (WQI)
				2.3.1 CCME-WQI
				2.3.2 NSF-WQI
			2.4 Model development
			2.5 Model calibration
			2.6 Water quality management scenarios
		3. Results and discussion
			3.1 Water quality assessment results
				3.1.1 Water quality records
				3.1.2 CCME water quality index
				3.1.3 NSF water quality index
				3.1.4 Ecological analysis
			3.2 Calibrated model results
				3.2.1 Hydrodynamic results
				3.2.2 Advection-dispersion results
				3.2.3 Water quality results
			3.3 Management scenarios results
		4. Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
III - A synthesis
	14 - The Nile River Basin ecohydrology system: Proble
		1. Introduction
		2. The hydrology of the Nile
			2.1 Rainfall
			2.2 River flows
		3. Ecohydrology and socioeconomics
			3.1 The human population
			3.2 Irrigation
			3.3 Altering the hydrology of the Nile Basin
				3.3.1 Sudd wetlands
				3.3.2 Bahr El Ghazal
			3.4 Climate change
			3.5 Dams and water scarcity for downstream users
			3.6 Wetlands
			3.7 Pollution
		4. Conclusions
		References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
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