The New Global Frontier: Urbanization, Poverty and Environment in the 21st Century

Contents......Page 6
List of boxes, figures and tables......Page 10
List of acronyms and abbreviations......Page 14
The Emerging Profile of the New Frontier......Page 16
The Potentialities of the New Global Frontier......Page 17
Facts, Fallacies and Policies on Urban Growth......Page 19
Organization of this Volume......Page 26
Notes......Page 28
Introduction......Page 30
Introduction......Page 32
Urban Definitions Matter......Page 33
An Urban Landscape Emerges......Page 35
Urban Demographic Research: Basic Needs......Page 41
Conclusions......Page 47
References......Page 48
Introduction......Page 52
Urban Poverty as a Growing and Underestimated Challenge......Page 54
Socially and Legally Excluded Settlements and the Myth that These Are \'Migrant\' Settlements......Page 58
The Contribution of Rural–Urban Migration to Urban Population Growth......Page 60
The Multiple Links between Urban Poverty and Rural Poverty......Page 61
Rural–Urban Migration and the Poverty Implications for Receiving Areas......Page 63
Conclusion: Rural–Urban Migration and Planning for – Rather than Against – The Urban Poor......Page 65
References......Page 66
Background......Page 70
Policies and Realities......Page 72
A Second Urban Transition?......Page 76
Conclusion: The Transition and Urban Development......Page 81
References......Page 84
Introduction......Page 88
Introduction......Page 92
The Failure of Public-Sector Solutions......Page 93
The Failure of Private-Sector Solutions......Page 96
Progressive Pragmatism and Transcending the Public–Private Divide......Page 98
Looking to the Future......Page 108
Note......Page 109
References......Page 110
Introduction......Page 114
Informality: A Transitory Phenomenon?......Page 115
Forced Eviction and Resettlement......Page 116
Upgrading Programmes......Page 117
The Massive Titling Approach......Page 118
Lack of Policies or Short-Sighted Policies?......Page 119
Misconceptions......Page 120
Sustainability of Programmes......Page 121
Involvement of Private Agents......Page 122
Two Promising Innovations......Page 123
Final Considerations......Page 125
Notes......Page 126
References......Page 128
The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion and its Implications......Page 130
Urban Growth and Expansion in Ecuador......Page 134
Access to Residential Land for the Urban Poor in Ecuador......Page 137
Making Minimum Preparations for Urban Expansion......Page 139
Notes......Page 143
References......Page 144
Introduction: Revaluating Development Work......Page 146
Capturing Community Capital......Page 148
What Are OUPs Doing for Today and for Tomorrow?......Page 149
OUPs as a Silver Bullet?......Page 153
Conclusion: Building a Constituency for Change......Page 156
References......Page 157
Introduction......Page 160
Introduction......Page 164
The Interactions between Urban Areas and Global Biophysical Processes......Page 166
Land-Use and Land-Cover Change......Page 168
Climate Change......Page 169
The Quest for Urban Sustainability......Page 172
Notes......Page 175
References......Page 176
Introduction......Page 180
Coastal Risks, Urbanization and Climate Change......Page 181
The International Distribution of Urban Settlement in LECZs......Page 185
Changes in Low Elevation Coastal Settlement between 1990 and 2000: The Examples of China and Bangladesh......Page 191
Summary Discussion......Page 192
Notes......Page 193
References......Page 194
Introduction......Page 198
Ecosystems and Ecological Zones......Page 199
Method......Page 200
Patterns in Human Settlement......Page 206
Implications......Page 211
Notes......Page 213
References......Page 214
Introduction......Page 218
The Sprawl Debate: From American Suburbia to Global Phenomenon......Page 219
Measuring Urban Sprawl......Page 222
Challenges for a Sustainable Future: Dispersed Versus Compact Cities......Page 224
Sprawl and Sustainability......Page 227
Note......Page 229
References......Page 230
Introduction......Page 232
Introduction......Page 236
National Poverty Reduction and the Differential Growth of Urban and Rural Populations......Page 238
A Closer Approximation......Page 241
Unmet Demand for Reproductive Health Services and Urban–Rural Population Growth......Page 244
Final Remarks......Page 245
Notes......Page 246
References......Page 247
Introduction......Page 250
Women in Urban Labour Markets: Light and Shadows......Page 251
Women\'s Access to Housing and Basic Social Services......Page 252
Family, Fertility and Gender Transformations in Urban Contexts......Page 254
Urban Settings and Women\'s Economic and Social Empowerment......Page 256
References......Page 258
Introduction......Page 262
The Demographic Transition and Rapid Urban Growth......Page 263
Rapid Urbanization, Dependency Ratios and Youth Employment......Page 264
Rapid Urban Growth, the Youth Bulge and Fertility Decline......Page 266
Urban Life and Gender Equality among Youths......Page 268
The Participation of Young People as Citizens of their Own Communities......Page 269
What Actions Are Needed for Urban Young People?......Page 270
References......Page 272
Ageing and Urbanization: An Overview......Page 274
Patterns of Ageing in Rural and Urban Areas......Page 275
Urban Facilities versus Urban Poverty......Page 279
Challenges for Local and National Governments: New Organizational Approaches......Page 280
References......Page 283
Introduction......Page 286
Gender Inequality......Page 287
Demographic Aspects of HIV and Urbanization......Page 289
Key Populations......Page 291
Stigma and Discrimination......Page 292
Potential Benefits of Urbanization in the Context of HIV......Page 293
Conclusion......Page 294
References......Page 295
Introduction......Page 298
The Invisible Contingent......Page 299
Spatial Disaggregation of Information......Page 301
Social Policy Information Systems......Page 303
Using Information Systems at the Local Level......Page 305
Implementing SDI Projects......Page 307
Conclusions......Page 308
References......Page 309
Introduction......Page 312
Patterns of Urban Growth in SSA......Page 316
People on the Move in SSA: Migration, Urbanization and Poverty......Page 318
Urbanization, Development and Poverty in SSA: The Faces of Exceptionalism......Page 322
Urbanization and Environmental Change in SSA......Page 326
Conclusions......Page 327
References......Page 328
Introduction......Page 332
Heterogeneity in Urban Areas: Slums, Peri-Urban Areas and Provision of Basic Services......Page 334
Urban Livelihoods......Page 340
Looking Ahead......Page 343
Notes......Page 345
References......Page 346
Overview of Urbanization Trends in China......Page 350
Environmental and Social Significance of Urbanization......Page 355
Future Trends and Policy Implications......Page 360
References......Page 362
Introduction......Page 368
The Urban Transition in the LAC Region......Page 369
The Relationship between Urbanization and Development......Page 370
Urbanization and Development: Experiences and Doubts in the LAC Region......Page 372
The Anti-Urban Bias and De-concentration Policies in Latin America......Page 373
Conclusion: Lessons for Ongoing Urban Transitions in Asia and Africa......Page 379
References......Page 381
Index......Page 384