The Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Cover
Front Matter
	Copyright Page
	Preface
	About the Author
	Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: Fundamental Concepts and Historical Foundations
	Learning and Memory Are Theoretical Concepts
	Psychological and Neurobiological Approaches
	Historical Influences: The Golden Age
	Core Themes
	Summary
	References
PART 1 Synaptic Basis of Memories
Chapter 2 Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity: Introduction
	Two Approaches to Studying Synapses that Support Memory
	The Conceptual Basis and Methodology of LTP
	Inducing and Measuring LTP
	Long-Term Depression: The Polar Opposite of LTP
	Summary
	References
Chapter 3 Modifying Synapses: Central Concepts
	The Synapse as a Biochemical Factory
	Signaling Cascades
	Glutamate Receptors Are Critical to the Induction of LTP
	An Organizing Framework: Three Principles
	Summary
	References
Chapter 4 Generating and Stabilizing the Trace: Post-Translation Processes
	Generating the Trace
	Stabilizing the Trace
	Summary
	References
Chapter 5 Consolidating Synaptic Changes: Translation and Transcription
	The De Novo Protein Synthesis Hypothesis
	The Genomic Signaling Hypothesis
	Translating Protein Requires Increased Calcium Levels
	Summary
	References
Chapter 6 Consolidating Synaptic Changes: Specific Mechanisms
	Activation of Local Protein Synthesis
	Synthesis of a Key New Protein: Arc
	Confirming the Role of Actin Regulation
	Targeting Plasticity Products
	Protein Degradation and LTP
	Summary
	References
Chapter 7 Maintaining the Consolidated Trace
	PKM.: A Promising Maintenance Molecule
	Genetic Engineering Reveals Additional Maintenance Molecules
	Summary
	References
Chapter 8 Toward a Synthesis
	Generation
	Stabilization
	Consolidation
	Maintenance
	Issues and Implications
	Summary
	References
PART 2 Molecules and Memories
Chapter 9 Making Memories: Conceptual Issues and Methods
	LTP and Memory
	Behavior and Memory
	Dimensions of Memory Traces
	The Concept of Memory Consolidation
	Some Behavioral Test Methods for Studying Memory
	Methods for Manipulating Brain Function
	Summary
	References
Chapter 10 Memory Formation: Early Stages
	NMDA Receptors and Memory Formation
	AMPA Receptors and Memory Formation
	NMDA and AMPA Receptors: Acquisition and Retrieval
	CaMKII and Memory Formation
	Actin Dynamics and Memory Formation
	Working and Reference Memory Depend on Glutamate Receptors
	Summary
	References
Chapter 11 Memory Consolidation
	The Research Paradigm
	Transcription and Enduring Memories
	Translation and Enduring Memories
	Protein Degradation Processes
	Defining the Consolidation Window
	Summary
	References
Chapter 12 Memory Maintenance and Forgetting
	PKM. and Memory Maintenance
	Toward a Neurobiology of Forgetting
	Summary
	References
Chapter 13 Memory Modulation Systems
	Memory Modulation Framework
	The Great Modulator: The Basolateral Amygdala
	The Role of Epinephrine
	The Epinephrine Vagus Connection
	The Epinephrine Liver–Glucose Connection
	Glucocorticoids: The Other Adrenal Hormones
	Summary
	References
Chapter 14 The Fate of Retrieved Memories
	Reactivated Memory Disrupted by ECS
	Active Trace Theory
	Reconsolidation Theory
	Assessing Reconsolidation Theory
	How Does Reactivation Destabilize the Trace?
	Trace Restabilization and Trace Updating
	Memory Erasure: A Potential Therapy
	Stepping Back: Boundary Conditions
	Summary
	References
PART 3 Neural Systems and Memory
Chapter 15 Memory Systems and the Hippocampus
	The Multiple Memory Systems Perspective
	The Case of Henry Molaison
	The Episodic Memory System
	The DNMS Paradox Resolved
	Summary
	References
Chapter 16 The Hippocampus Index and Episodic Memory
	Properties of Episodic Memory
	A Neural System that Supports Episodic Memory
	The Indexing Theory of Episodic Memory
	Evidence for the Indexing Theory
	Summary
	References
Chapter 17 The MTH System: Episodic Memory, Semantic Memory, and Ribot’s Law
	A Modular MTH System
	The MTH System and Ribot’s Law
	Summary
	References
Chapter 18 Actions, Habits, and the Cortico-Striatal System
	The Concept of Instrumental Behavior
	Two Theories of Instrumental Behavior
	Action and Habit Systems
	A Cortico-Striatal System Supports Instrumental Behavior
	The Neural Basis of Rewarding Outcomes
	Summary
	References
Chapter 19 Learning about Danger: The Neurobiology of Fear Memories
	The Fear System
	The Neural Basis of Fear
	Eliminating Dangerous Fears: Theories of Extinction
	Neural Basis of Fear Extinction
	Summary
	References
Photo Credits
Glossary
Author Index
Subject Index