The Netter collection of medical illustrations

Front cover
Title page
Copyright page
ABOUT THE SERIES
ABOUT THE EDITOR
PREFACE
ABOUT THE ARTIST FROM THE FIRST EDITION
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION
ADVISORY BOARD
Table of contents
SECTION 1: PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMUS
	DEVELOPMENT OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
	DIVISIONS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND AND RELATIONSHIP TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS
	BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
	ANATOMY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
	RELATIONSHIP OF THE PITUITARY GLAND TO THE CAVERNOUS SINUS
	RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SELLA TURCICA
	ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES AND FEEDBACK CONTROL
	POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
	MANIFESTATIONS OF SUPRASELLAR DISEASE
	CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA
	EFFECTS OF PITUITARY TUMORS ON THE VISUAL APPARATUS
	NONTUMOROUS LESIONS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND AND PITUITARY STALK
	PITUITARY ANTERIOR LOBE DEFICIENCY IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE IN BOYS
	PITUITARY ANTERIOR LOBE DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS
	SELECTIVE AND PARTIAL HYPOPITUITARISM
	SEVERE ANTERIOR PITUITARY DEFICIENCY OR PANHYPOPITUITARISM
	POSTPARTUM PITUITARY INFARCTION (SHEEHAN SYNDROME)
	PITUITARY APOPLEXY
	PITUITARY GIGANTISM
	ACROMEGALY
	PROLACTIN-SECRETING PITUITARY TUMOR
	CORTICOTROPIN-SECRETING PITUITARY TUMOR
	NELSON SYNDROME
	CLINICALLY NONFUNCTIONING PITUITARY TUMOR
	SECRETION AND ACTION OF OXYTOCIN
	SECRETION AND ACTION OF VASOPRESSIN
	CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS
	LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS IN CHILDREN
	LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS IN ADULTS
	TUMORS METASTATIC TO THE PITUITARY
	SURGICAL APPROACHES TO THE PITUITARY
SECTION 2: THYROID
	ANATOMY OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS
	DEVELOPMENT OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS
		PHARYNX
		THYROID GLAND
		PARATHYROID AND THYMUS GLANDS
	CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE THYROID GLAND
	EFFECTS OF THYROTROPIN ON THE THYROID GLAND
	PHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID HORMONES
	GRAVES DISEASE
	GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY
	THYROID PATHOLOGY IN GRAVES DISEASE
	CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF TOXIC ADENOMA AND TOXIC MULTINODULAR GOITER
	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TOXIC ADENOMA AND TOXIC MULTINODULAR GOITER
	CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS
		SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
		ETIOLOGY
		TREATMENT
	CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
	EUTHYROID GOITER
	GROSS PATHOLOGY OF GOITER
	ETIOLOGY OF NONTOXIC GOITER
	CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS AND FIBROUS THYROIDITIS
		CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC (HASHIMOTO) THYROIDITIS
		FIBROUS (RIEDEL) THYROIDITIS
	SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS
	PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
	FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA
	MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
	HüRTHLE CELL THYROID CARCINOMA
	ANAPLASTIC THYROID CARCINOMA
	TUMORS METASTATIC TO THE THYROID
SECTION 3: ADRENAL
	DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS
	ANATOMY AND BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS
		SURGICAL APPROACHES TO THE ADRENAL GLANDS
	INNERVATION OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS
	HISTOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS
	BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM OF ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES
	THE BIOLOGIC ACTIONS OF CORTISOL
		CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN, AND LIPID METABOLISM
		SKIN, MUSCLE, AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES
		BONE AND CALCIUM METABOLISM
		BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL
		ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIONS
		CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND EYES
		GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
		ENDOCRINE EFFECTS
	CUSHING SYNDROME—CLINICAL FINDINGS
	TESTS USED IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CUSHING SYNDROME
		CASE-DETECTION TESTING
		CONFIRMATORY TESTING
		SUBTYPE TESTING
	CUSHING SYNDROME: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
		ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE–DEPENDENT CUSHING SYNDROME
		ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE–INDEPENDENT CUSHING SYNDROME
	CUSHING SYNDROME CAUSED BY PRIMARY PIGMENTED NODULAR ADRENOCORTICAL DISEASE
	MAJOR BLOCKS IN ABNORMAL STEROIDOGENESIS
		I. CONGENITAL LIPOID HYPERPLASIA
		II. 3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
		III. 17α-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
		IV. 21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
		V. 11β-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
	CLASSIC CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
		CONGENITAL LIPOID HYPERPLASIA
		3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
		17α-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
		21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
		11β-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
		APPARENT MINERALOCORTICOID EXCESS
	THE BIOLOGIC ACTIONS OF ADRENAL ANDROGENS
	ADULT ANDROGENITAL SYNDROMES
		LATE-ONSET (NONCLASSIC) CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
		FAMILIAL GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE
		ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE–DEPENDENT CUSHING SYNDROME
		ANDROGEN-SECRETING ADRENAL NEOPLASMS
	THE BIOLOGIC ACTIONS OF ALDOSTERONE
	PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM
	ADRENAL VENOUS SAMPLING FOR PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM
	RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN–ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM AND RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
	ACUTE ADRENAL FAILURE—ADRENAL CRISIS
	CHRONIC PRIMARY ADRENAL FAILURE—ADDISON DISEASE
	LABORATORY FINDINGS AND TREATMENT OF PRIMARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
	LABORATORY FINDINGS AND TREATMENT OF SECONDARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
	ADRENAL MEDULLA AND CATECHOLAMINES
	CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS, STORAGE, SECRETION, METABOLISM, AND INACTIVATION
		CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS
		CATECHOLAMINE STORAGE AND SECRETION
		CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM AND INACTIVATION
	PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA AND PARAGANGLIOMA
	TUMORS METASTATIC TO THE ADRENAL GLANDS
SECTION 4: REPRODUCTION
	DIFFERENTIATION OF GONADS
		FACTORS INFLUENCING NORMAL AND ABNORMAL GONADAL DIFFERENTIATION
		STAGES IN GONADAL DIFFERENTIATION
	DIFFERENTIATION OF GENITAL DUCTS
	DIFFERENTIATION OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA
	TESTOSTERONE AND ESTROGEN SYNTHESIS
	NORMAL PUBERTY
		TIMING OF PUBERTY
		FEMALE PUBERTY
		MALE PUBERTY
	PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
		GONADOTROPIN-DEPENDENT PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
		GONADOTROPIN-INDEPENDENT PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
		INCOMPLETE PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
		DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
	DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT
		CLASSIFICATION
		CHROMOSOMAL SEX
		GONADAL SEX
		PHENOTYPIC SEX
		PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
		SEX CHROMOSOME DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT
		46,XX DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT
		46,XY DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT
		EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
	ERRORS IN CHROMOSOMAL SEX
	KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
	TURNER SYNDROME (GONADAL DYSGENESIS)
	HIRSUTISM AND VIRILIZATION
		EVALUATION OF WOMEN WITH HIRSUTISM
	INFLUENCE OF GONADAL HORMONES ON THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE FROM BIRTH TO OLD AGE
	FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGIC CAUSES OF UTERINE BLEEDING
	GYNECOMASTIA
		PHYSIOLOGIC STATES
		PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS
	GALACTORRHEA
SECTION 5: PANCREAS
	PANCREAS ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
	EXOCRINE FUNCTIONS OF THE PANCREAS
	NORMAL HISTOLOGY OF PANCREATIC ISLETS
	INSULIN SECRETION
	ACTIONS OF INSULIN
	GLYCOLYSIS
	TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE
	GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
		GLYCOGENESIS
		GLYCOGENOLYSIS
		REGULATION OF GLYCOGENESIS AND GLYCOGENOLYSIS
	CONSEQUENCES OF INSULIN DEPRIVATION
	DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
		TREATMENT
	TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
		CLINICAL PRESENTATION
	TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
	DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
		NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
		PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
		MACULAR EDEMA
	COMPLICATIONS OF PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
	DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
	DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
		FOCAL NEUROPATHIES
		PROXIMAL MOTOR NEUROPATHIES
		DISTAL SYMMETRIC POLYNEUROPATHY
		AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY
	ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN DIABETES
		CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REDUCTION
	VASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY IN DIABETES: THE DIABETIC FOOT
	DIABETES MELLITUS IN PREGNANCY
	TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
		NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
		PHARMACOTHERAPY
		INITIAL APPROACH TO MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
	TREATMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
		MONOMERIC INSULIN ANALOGUES
		LONG-ACTING INSULIN ANALOGUES
		AMYLIN ANALOGUES
		CONTINUOUS SUBCUTANEOUS INSULIN INFUSION AND MULTIPLE DAILY INJECTIONS
	INSULINOMA
	PRIMARY PANCREATIC β-CELL HYPERPLASIA
		CONGENITAL HYPERINSULINISM
		NONINSULINOMA PANCREATOGENOUS HYPOGLYCEMIA SYNDROME AND POST–GASTRIC BYPASS HYPOGLYCEMIA
		EVALUATION
SECTION 6: BONE AND CALCIUM
	HISTOLOGY OF THE NORMAL PARATHYROID GLANDS
	PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
	BONE REMODELING UNIT
		RESORPTION
		REVERSAL
		FORMATION
		DEFECTIVE BONE REMODELING
	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
	PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
	TESTS FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE CAUSES OF HYPERCALCEMIA
		PARATHYROID HORMONE–MEDIATED HYPERCALCEMIA
		NON–PARATHYROID HORMONE–MEDIATED HYPERCALCEMIA
		OTHER CAUSES OF APPARENT HYPERCALCEMIA
	RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY
	HISTOLOGY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS IN HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
		PARATHYROID ADENOMA
		PRIMARY CHIEF CELL HYPERPLASIA
		PRIMARY CLEAR CELL HYPERPLASIA
		SECONDARY PARATHYROID GLAND HYPERPLASIA
		CARCINOMA
	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
		GENETIC CAUSES OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
		PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM—HYPOCALCEMIA DESPITE A HIGH SERUM PARATHYROID HORMONE CONCENTRATION
	CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ACUTE HYPOCALCEMIA
	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
		PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM TYPE 1
		PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM TYPE 2
	CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM TYPE 1A
	PATHOGENESIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS
	OSTEOPOROSIS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
		TREATMENT
	OSTEOPOROSIS IN MEN
		TREATMENT
	CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF OSTEOPOROTIC VERTEBRAL COMPRESSION FRACTURES
		EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
	NUTRITIONAL-DEFICIENCY RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA
		TREATMENT
	PSEUDOVITAMIN D–DEFICIENCY RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA
		TYPE 1 PSEUDOVITAMIN D–DEFICIENT RICKETS: RENAL 1α-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
		TYPE 2 PSEUDOVITAMIN D–DEFICIENT RICKETS: HEREDITARY VITAMIN D–RESISTANT RICKETS
	HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS
		X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS
		TUMOR-INDUCED OSTEOMALACIA
	CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF RICKETS IN CHILDHOOD
	CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
	PAGET DISEASE OF THE BONE
		EVALUATION
	PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PAGET DISEASE OF THE BONE
	OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
		TREATMENT
	HYPOPHOSPHATASIA
SECTION 7: LIPIDS AND NUTRITION
	CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM
	GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDES
	REGULATION OF LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR AND CHOLESTEROL CONTENT
	HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM AND REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT
	HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
	HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC XANTHOMATOSIS
		FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA—LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR MUTATIONS
		FAMILIAL DEFECTIVE APOLIPOPROTEIN B100
		SITOSTEROLEMIA AND CEREBROTENDINOUS XANTHOMATOSIS
	ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA AND TANGIER DISEASE
		ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA
		TANGIER DISEASE
	HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA
	CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA
		LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY
		APOLIPOPROTEIN CII DEFICIENCY
		FAMILIAL HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA
		TREATMENT
	ATHEROSCLEROSIS
	ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK FACTORS
		HYPERLIPIDEMIA
		HYPERTENSION
		DIABETES MELLITUS
		CIGARETTE SMOKING
	METABOLIC SYNDROME
	MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF LIPID-LOWERING AGENTS
		CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITORS
		STATINS
		BILE ACID SEQUESTRANTS
		NICOTINIC ACID
		FIBRIC ACIDS
		FISH OIL
	TREATMENT OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA
		PRIMARY PREVENTION
		SECONDARY PREVENTION
		RAISING HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL
		HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA
		MONITORING
	ABSORPTION OF ESSENTIAL VITAMINS
		WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
		FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
	VITAMIN B1 DEFICIENCY: BERIBERI
		BERIBERI
		WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME
		DIAGNOSIS
		PREVENTION
	VITAMIN B3 DEFICIENCY: PELLAGRA
		DIAGNOSIS
		PREVENTION
	VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY: SCURVY
		DIAGNOSIS
		TREATMENT
		PREVENTION
	VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
		DIAGNOSIS
		TREATMENT
		PREVENTION
	CELIAC DISEASE AND MALABSORPTION
		DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
		TREATMENT
	LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS: SPHINGOLIPIDOSES
		TAY-SACHS DISEASE
		NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE
		GAUCHER DISEASE
		METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY
		FABRY DISEASE
	ANOREXIA NERVOSA
	OBESITY
		EVALUATION
		TREATMENT
	SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR OBESITY
SECTION 8: GENETICS AND ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA
	MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1
	MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2
		MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
		PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
		PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
		CUTANEOUS LICHEN AMYLOIDOSIS
		HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE
		GENETICS
	VON HIPPEL–LINDAU SYNDROME
	NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1 (VON RECKLINGHAUSEN DISEASE)
	CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF AUTOIMMUNE POLYGLANDULAR SYNDROME TYPE 1
	CARCINOID SYNDROME
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
	Section 1: Pituitary and Hypothalamus
	Section 2: Thyroid
	Section 3: Adrenal
	Section 4: Reproduction
	Section 5: Pancreas
	Section 6: Bone and Calcium
	Section 7: Lipids and Nutrition
	Section 8: Genetics and Endocrine Neoplasia
INDEX