The Nanoscience and Technology of Renewable Biomaterials

The Nanoscience and Technology of Renewable Biomaterials......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 17
Contributors......Page 19
1.1 Introduction......Page 23
1.2 Use of Lignocellulosic-based Materials......Page 25
1.3 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering......Page 26
1.4 Nanotechnology......Page 28
1.5 Nanotechnology-enabled Product Possibilities......Page 30
1.6 Wood Nanodimensional Structure and Composition......Page 32
1.7 Nanomanufacturing......Page 33
1.8 Nanotechnology Health and Safety Issues......Page 37
1.9 Instrumentation, Metrology, and Standards for Nanotechnology......Page 38
1.10 A Nanotechnology Agenda for the Forest Products Industry......Page 39
1.11 Forest Products Industry Technology Priorities......Page 43
1.12.1 Achieving Lighter Weight, Higher Strength Materials......Page 45
1.12.2 Production of Nanocrystalline Cellulose and Nanofibrils from Wood......Page 47
1.12.3 Controlling Water/Moisture Interactions with Cellulose......Page 48
1.12.4 Producing Hyperperformance Nanocomposites from Nanocrystalline Cellulose......Page 51
1.12.5 Capturing the Photonic and Piezoelectric Properties of Lignocelluloses......Page 52
1.12.6 Reducing Energy Usage and Reducing Capital Costs in Processing Wood to Products......Page 55
1.13 Summary......Page 59
References......Page 60
2.1 Introduction......Page 65
2.2 Background......Page 66
2.3 CesA Protein is a Major Component of the Plant CSC......Page 67
2.4 The Functional Operation of the CSC......Page 69
2.4.1 Assemble with Genetically Determined Morphology......Page 70
2.4.3 Acquire UDP-Glucose Substrate......Page 72
2.4.6 Control Cellulose Chain Length......Page 73
2.4.7 Control Cellulose Nanofibril Diameter......Page 74
2.5.1 Possible Functional Diversification of CS Proteins......Page 75
References......Page 77
3.2 Water in Biomass......Page 83
3.3.1 Pore Structure and Accessibility......Page 84
3.3.2 Cellulose Crystallinity......Page 88
3.4.1 Specimen Preparation......Page 90
3.4.2 Scanning Probe Microscopies......Page 93
3.4.3 Focused Beam Microscopies......Page 97
3.4.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy......Page 100
References......Page 102
4.1 Introduction......Page 113
4.2 Polyampholytes Applications in Fiber Modification......Page 114
4.3 Cellulose Thin Films......Page 117
4.4 Friction Phenomena in Cellulose Systems......Page 119
4.5 Lubrication......Page 120
4.6.1 Thin Films: Property Changes and Transitions......Page 121
4.6.2 Orientation of Lubricant Films......Page 123
4.7 Techniques to Study Adsorption and Friction Phenomena......Page 124
4.8 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)......Page 125
4.9 Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM)......Page 127
4.10.1 Monitoring Adsorption and Desorption of Macromolecules......Page 129
4.10.2 Conformation of Adsorbate Layers Revealed by the QCM-D......Page 130
4.10.3 Coupling QCM and SPR Data......Page 131
4.11 Lateral Force Microscopy......Page 134
4.12 Summary......Page 137
References......Page 138
5.1 Background......Page 145
5.2 The Formation of PEM on Wood Fibres......Page 147
5.3 Formation of PEM with Different Polyelectrolytes and the Properties of the Layers Formed......Page 151
5.4 Formation of PEM on Fibres......Page 154
5.5 Influence of PEM on Properties of Fibre Networks......Page 161
5.6 Influence of PEM on Adhesion between Surfaces......Page 163
5.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 166
References......Page 167
6.1 Overview......Page 171
6.2 Introduction......Page 172
6.3.1 QCM-D Data......Page 174
6.3.2 Measuring Interaction Forces with AFM......Page 175
6.4.1 Materials......Page 176
6.4.2 Methods......Page 177
6.5.1 Adsorption of Hemicelluloses on Cellulose......Page 180
6.5.2 Viscoelastic Properties of the Hemicellulose Layers......Page 182
6.5.3 Effect of Xylan Adsorption on the Interaction between Cellulose Beads......Page 185
6.6.1 Adsorption of Dissolved Hemicelluloses on Cellulose......Page 186
6.6.2 Adsorption Behavior and Interaction Forces between Xylan and Cellulose......Page 188
References......Page 190
7.1 Introduction......Page 195
7.2 Lignin Synthesis and Structural Aspects......Page 196
7.3 Isolation of Lignin from Wood, Pulp and Pulping Liquors......Page 199
7.3.1 Isolation of Lignin from Wood and Pulp Fibres......Page 200
7.3.2 Isolation of Lignin from Spent Pulping Liquors......Page 202
7.4 Solution Properties of Kraft Lignin......Page 203
7.5 Surface Chemistry of Solid State Lignin......Page 209
7.5.1 Preparation and Properties of Lignin Thin Films......Page 210
7.5.2 Use of Lignin Thin Films for the Investigation of Surface Chemical Properties......Page 213
7.6 Lignin: Current and Future Uses......Page 218
References......Page 220
8.2 Introduction......Page 229
8.3 Preparation and Microscopic Characterization of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles......Page 232
8.4 NMR Characterization of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles......Page 236
8.5 Chemical Modification of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles......Page 242
8.6 Nanocomposite Properties......Page 247
8.7 Conclusions......Page 249
References......Page 250
9.1 Introduction......Page 253
9.2.2 Performance of BC Mats......Page 254
9.3.1 BC Nanocomposites with Thermosetting Phenolic and Epoxy Resins......Page 256
9.3.2 BC Nanocomposites with Acrylic Resins......Page 257
9.4 BC Nanocomposites by Polymer Impregnation and Solution Casting......Page 264
9.4.1 BC/Biopolymer Nanocomposites......Page 265
9.4.2 BC/Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 269
9.5 BC Nanocomposites via Biomimetic Approaches......Page 270
9.5.1 BC/Xyloglucan Nanocomposites......Page 272
9.5.2 BC/Mannan Nanocomposites......Page 277
9.5.3 BC/Pectin Nanocomposites......Page 279
9.5.4 BC/Xyoglucan/Pectin Nanocomposites......Page 280
9.5.5 BC/Lignin Nanocomposites......Page 281
9.5.6 BC/Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 283
9.6 BC/Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals......Page 285
9.7 Conclusions and Prospects......Page 288
References......Page 289
10.2 Background on CNXL Material Science......Page 295
10.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Systems......Page 299
10.4 Thermal Properties......Page 300
10.5 Mechanical Properties......Page 301
10.6 Transport Properties......Page 305
References......Page 309
11.1 Introduction......Page 315
11.2 Natural Renewable Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE)......Page 317
11.3 Bone Background......Page 318
11.3.1 Progenitor Cells for Tissue Engineering Bone......Page 319
11.3.3 Naturally Occurring Polysaccharide Materials in BTE......Page 320
11.3.4 Naturally Occurring Fibrous Protein Materials in BTE......Page 323
11.3.5 Naturally Occurring Inorganic Matrices in Bone Tissue Engineering......Page 326
References......Page 328
12.1 Overview......Page 337
12.2 Introduction......Page 338
12.3.1 Porous Anatase......Page 339
12.3.2 SiC Nanorods......Page 342
12.4.1 Transition Metal Nanoparticles......Page 343
12.4.2 Precious Metal Nanoparticles: Ag, Au, Pd, Pt......Page 346
12.4.3 Nanocrystalline Se......Page 348
12.5 Conclusion......Page 352
References......Page 353
Index......Page 359