The Musculoskeletal System - E-Book: Systems of the Body Series

Front Cover\nIFC\nThe Musculoskeletal System\nSYSTEMS OF THE BODY The Musculoskeletal System: BASIC SCIENCE AND CLINICAL CONDITIONS\nCopyright\nContributors\nSeries Editor Foreword\nPreface\nACKNOWLEDGEMENT\nContents\n1 - Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Hand\n	Introduction\n		Synovial joint anatomy\n			Synovial joint physiology\n		Essential immunology\n			Innate immune system\n			Synovitis\n			Differential diagnosis of inflammation of the synovium\n		Aetiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis\n			Pathophysiological basis of symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis\n			Rheumatoid arthritis as a systemic disease\n		Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis\n			Analgesics\n			Non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrugs\n			Corticosteroids\n			Biological treatments\n			Surgery for rheumatoid arthritis\n		Prognosis\n		Summary\n	Further Reading\n2 - Soft Tissue Rheumatic Disease Involving the Shoulder and Elbow\n	The rotator cuff muscles\n	Other muscles of the shoulder\n	Capsule\n	Nerves\n	Clinical features of rotator cuff disease\n	Differential diagnosis\n	Corticosteroids\n	Applied physiology\n	Surgery\n3 - Nerve Compression Syndromes\n	Introduction\n		Peripheral nerve anatomy\n		Pathophysiology and classification of nerve injury\n			Causes of nerve compression\n		Electrophysiology\n		Carpal tunnel syndrome\n			Anatomy of the carpal tunnel\n			Pathophysiology and causes\n			Conservative therapy\n			Surgery\n		Cubital tunnel syndrome\n			Anatomy of the cubital tunnel\n			Pathophysiology and causes\n			Investigations\n			Treatment\n	Further reading\n4 - Lower Back Pain\n	Introduction\n		Intervertebral discs\n			Lumbar zygapophyseal joints (facet joints)\n			Sacroiliac joints\n			Lumbar nerve roots and spinal cord\n			Ligaments\n			Muscles\n			Biomechanics of the lumbar spine\n			Incidence and prevalence\n			Natural history\n		Pain sources from the lumbar spine\n			Intervertebral disc\n			Acute versus chronic low back pain\n			Assessment of acute low back pain\n			Back pain from extraspinal sources\n			Acute low back pain\n			Chronic low back pain\n			Acknowledgements\n	Further reading\n5 - Bone Structure and Function in Normal and Disease States\n	Introduction\n		Normal skeletal structure and function\n			Types of bone: cortical and cancellous\n			Blood supply of bone\n			Calcium homeostasis and hormonal control\n			Cellular basis of bone remodelling\n			Skeletal development\n			The adult skeleton\n		Metabolic bone disease\n			Osteoporosis\n			Osteomalacia\n			Paget’s disease\n			Hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy\n			Sex hormone deficiency\n			Genetic influences\n			Physical activity and muscle strength\n			Nutrition\n			Glucocorticoids\n		Epidemiology of fractured hip\n			Risk factors for falls\n		Essential anatomy of the hip\n		The management of hip fractures\n			Femoral neck fractures\n			Trochanteric fractures\n			Medical management of osteoporotic hip fracture, including refracture prevention\n			Calcium\n			Vitamin D\n			Denosumab\n			Romosozumab\n			Other considerations\n	Further reading\n	References\n6 - The Synovial Joint in Health and Disease: Osteoarthritis\n	Introduction\n		Anatomy\n			Articular cartilage\n			Subchondral bone\n			Menisci\n			Synovial tissues, synovial fluid and ligaments\n			Muscles nerves and bursae\n		Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis\n			Articular cartilage\n			Synovial tissues and synovial fluid\n		Clinical features of osteoarthritis\n			Symptoms\n			Signs\n		Epidemiology of osteoarthritis\n			Classification\n			Risk factors for progression\n		Management of osteoarthritis\n			Patient education and support\n			Exercise\n			Weight reduction\n			Tens\n			Other non-pharmacologicalinterventions\n			Analgesics\n			Non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrugs\n			Topical therapies\n			Corticosteroids\n			Surgery\n			When to have surgery\n	Further reading\n7 - Crystal Arthropathies and the Ankle\n	Introduction\n	Essential anatomy\n		The ankle joints\n		Articular capsule, ligaments and tendons\n		Blood vessels and nerves\n	Investigations and diagnosis\n		Aspiration and synovial fluid analysis\n		Other investigations\n	Pathophysiology of gouty arthritis\n		Uric acid metabolism and hyperuricaemia\n		Urate crystal formation\n		Crystal-inducedinflammation\n	Treatment of acute gout\n	Treatment of chronic gout\n		Urate-loweringdrug therapy\n		Patients with renal impairment\n	Chondrocalcinosis\n		Diagnosis\n	Summary\n8 - Skeletal Muscle and its Disorders\n	Introduction\n	Anatomy of skeletal muscle\n		The muscle fibre\n		Skeletal muscle structure\n		Types of muscle fibres\n		Neuromuscular junction\n		Muscle and tendon receptors\n		Muscle metabolism\n		Muscle contraction\n		Control of muscle function\n		Muscle fatigue and pain\n		Ageing and the muscular system\n		Investigations\n			Muscle enzymes\n			Electromyography\n			Muscle imaging\n			Muscle biopsy\n		Genetic studies\n	Specific muscle diseases\n	Acquired muscle diseases\n		Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies\n			Epidemiology\n			Classification\n			Clinical features\n			Extramuscular features\n			Investigations\n			Cancer-associated‘myositis’\n			Treatment\n			Inclusion body myositis\n		Selected other acquired muscle diseases\n			Endocrine myopathies\n			Thyroid disease\n			Cushing’s syndrome\n			Acromegaly\n			Disorders of calcium metabolism\n			Infections and muscles\n			Drug-andtoxin-inducedmuscle disease\n	Inherited muscle disorders\n		Muscular dystrophies\n		Metabolic myopathies\n		Mitochondrial myopathies\n		Congenital myopathies\n		‘Channelopathies’\n		Myofascial pain syndromes\n			Levator scapulae myofascial pain\n	Fibromyalgia\n		Clinical features\n		Management\n		Prognosis\n9 - Autoimmunity and the Musculoskeletal System\n	Introduction\n		Autoimmunity\n			Immunopathology\n			Complement\n			Antibodies to dsDNA\n			Antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens\n			Anti-phospholipid/anti-cardiolipinantibodies\n		Clinical features and epidemiology\n		Pathology\n			The kidney in SLE\n			Other clinicopathological correlations\n			Environmental factors\n			Genetics\n		Treatment\n		Variants of SLE\n			Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus\n	Further reading\n10 - TRAUMA AND THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM\n	Introduction\n		Terminology\n			Pathophysiology\n			Describing a fracture\n		Diagnosis of fracture\n		Management of fractures\n			Complications of fractures\n		Functional anatomy of the knee joint\n			General joint morphology\n			Muscle control\n			Range of motion\n			Ligaments\n			Joint capsule\n			Menisci – the semilunar cartilages\n	Further reading\n11 - Infection and the Musculoskeletal System\n	Introduction\n		Portals of entry\n			Biofilm\n		Host defences against infection\n		Blood supply of bone\n			Diagnosis of acute bone infection\n			Treatment of acute bone infections\n			Diagnosis of acute joint infections\n			Treatment of acute joint infections\n		Antibiotic therapy\n			Monitoring progress\n		Chronic infections of bones and joints\n			Chronic infection after an open wound\n			Chronic osteomyelitis\n			Diagnosis of chronic bone and joint infections\n			Management of chronic infection\nGLOSSARY\nIndex\n	A\n	B\n	C\n	D\n	E\n	F\n	G\n	H\n	I\n	J\n	K\n	L\n	M\n	N\n	O\n	P\n	R\n	S\n	T\n	U\n	V\n	W\n	X\n	Y\n	Z