The Mental Health Needs of Young Offenders: Forging Paths toward Reintegration and Rehabilitation

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contributors......Page 11
Foreword......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
1 An overview of child and adolescent mental health needs in the juvenile justice system......Page 19
Prior research......Page 25
Methods......Page 34
Psychiatric diagnoses......Page 35
Prevalence rates by sex......Page 36
Prevalence rates by race/ethnicity......Page 39
Prevalence rates by age......Page 41
Rates of substance use disorders among youth with major mental disorders......Page 52
Relative onset of major mental disorders and substance use disorders......Page 53
Discussion......Page 54
Limitations......Page 55
Future research......Page 56
Implications for juvenile justice......Page 57
Acknowledgments......Page 58
References......Page 59
3 Disproportionate minority confinement......Page 66
Literature review......Page 67
Residential placement......Page 68
Other decision-making points in the juvenile justice continuum......Page 69
National strategies to address and resolve DMC......Page 73
State strategies to reduce DMC......Page 75
References......Page 77
4 Police interrogation of youth......Page 79
Contemporary police interrogations......Page 80
Pre-interrogation interview......Page 81
Issuance of Miranda warning......Page 83
The interrogation......Page 84
Youthfulness......Page 85
Mental illness......Page 88
Conclusions and recommendations......Page 90
References......Page 92
Introduction......Page 97
Historical background: juvenile courts and due process......Page 98
Competence to stand trial......Page 100
The child’s ability to understand the interrogation process and to waive Miranda rights......Page 102
The legal test for competence to stand trial......Page 105
Competence vs. criminal capacity......Page 106
The procedure followed to determine whether a child is competent to stand trial......Page 107
The standards to be applied in deciding if a child is competent to stand trial......Page 111
Ability to cooperate with counsel......Page 112
The role of the defense lawyer......Page 113
The role of the prosecutor......Page 114
The role of the judge......Page 115
Intelligence......Page 116
Immaturity......Page 117
Conducting a fitness evaluation......Page 118
Competence of children to knowingly waive Miranda rights and to make voluntary and accurate statements during the interrogation process......Page 121
Medical and social science: research on children’s ability to understand and waive Miranda rights......Page 123
Protocol for conducting an examination regarding competence to waive Miranda rights......Page 124
Referrals to psychiatrists, psychologists, educational consultants, and social workers......Page 125
Making sure that the evaluation team has all relevant records......Page 127
Educational records......Page 128
The other side’s psychiatric and psychological evaluations......Page 129
Disclosure of data, notes, and reports......Page 130
Interaction between judges, lawyers, and expert witnesses......Page 131
Organization of expert witness report on fitness to stand trial......Page 132
Case example 1......Page 133
Case example 2......Page 134
Case example 3......Page 135
Conclusion......Page 137
References......Page 138
6 The etiology of antisocial behavior: biopsychosocial risk factors across development......Page 140
Risk factors influencing the developing brain......Page 141
Genetics......Page 142
Neurotransmitters and neurochemicals......Page 143
Autonomic nervous system......Page 144
Attachment......Page 145
Temperament......Page 146
Intelligence and academic performance......Page 147
Parenting......Page 148
Child abuse and family violence......Page 150
Peer relationships......Page 151
Larger social forces: role of communities and the media......Page 152
Implications for future policy and research......Page 153
References......Page 154
Prevalence of disorders......Page 164
Risk factors......Page 165
Early intervention education programs......Page 167
Media......Page 168
Mood disorders and conduct disorders......Page 169
Anxiety disorders......Page 170
Suicide......Page 171
Genetic factors and the neurobiology of addiction......Page 172
Age of exposure to substances of abuse......Page 174
Age of exposure to interventions for learning disorders......Page 175
Adolescent neurobiological changes that increase the risk for substance abuse......Page 176
Assessment......Page 177
Screening tools......Page 179
Levels of care......Page 180
Treatment......Page 181
Motivation enhancement therapy......Page 182
Family therapy......Page 183
Cognitive behavioral therapy......Page 184
12 steps......Page 185
Psychopharmacology......Page 186
Prenatal exposure to alcohol......Page 189
References......Page 190
Introduction......Page 198
Suicide in US jails and prisons......Page 199
Other risk factors for fatal suicide in the delinquent youth population......Page 200
Hayes’ survey on juvenile suicide in confinement......Page 201
Psychiatric disorders and fatal suicide in delinquency......Page 202
Physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and fatal suicide......Page 203
Non-fatal suicidal attempts and self-harm behavior......Page 204
Mental health services in juvenile facilities......Page 206
Does suicide rate vary by the type of juvenile institution?......Page 207
Special issues and future directions......Page 208
The effectiveness of suicide prevention programs in jails......Page 209
Conclusions......Page 211
References......Page 212
Demographic data......Page 216
Etiology......Page 217
Categorization of abusers......Page 218
Very young offenders......Page 219
Risk factors......Page 220
A literary example of developmental influences in a sex offender......Page 221
Legal issues......Page 222
Registration......Page 223
Types of sex offenders and case examples......Page 224
Rape......Page 225
Sexual homicide......Page 226
Pedophilia......Page 227
Voyeurism......Page 228
Fetishism......Page 229
Zoophilia......Page 230
Zoophilia case example one......Page 231
Necrophilia......Page 232
Interview and collateral information......Page 233
Psychological and actuarial testing......Page 234
Physiological assessment......Page 235
Biological treatments......Page 236
Psychosocial therapies......Page 237
A description of psychoeducational/therapeutic modalities......Page 238
Recidivism issues......Page 239
Conclusion......Page 240
References......Page 241
Introduction and overview......Page 247
Toward improving juvenile correctional Education programs......Page 255
References......Page 257
Introduction......Page 259
History of the juvenile death penalty and Eighth Amendment jurisprudence......Page 260
Evolving standards of decency......Page 262
Evolution of science......Page 263
The role of science in the evolution of standards of decency......Page 265
Science and legal culpability......Page 267
Roper v. Simmons......Page 268
Reality......Page 269
Conclusions......Page 270
References......Page 271
Medical/organic issues that may predispose to delinquency......Page 273
Health problems resulting from delinquent behavior......Page 275
General adolescent medical problems......Page 277
Malingering......Page 280
Research......Page 281
References......Page 282
Mental health screening in juvenile justice......Page 288
Reasons for identifying youths’ mental health problems in juvenile justice......Page 289
Distinguishing screening from assessment......Page 290
The nature of mental health screening......Page 291
Selecting screening tools......Page 293
Screening tools available for juvenile justice settings......Page 294
Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument – Version 2 (MAYSI-2)......Page 295
Global Appraisal of Individual Need – Short Screener (GAIN-SS)......Page 296
Problem-Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT)......Page 297
Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS)......Page 298
Multidimensional scales identifying clinical disorder......Page 299
Practical Adolescent Dual Diagnosis Interview (PADDI)......Page 300
Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN-Q)......Page 301
References......Page 302
Introduction......Page 306
Relationship of conduct problems to ADHD......Page 308
Life-course persistent vs. adolescent onset conduct disorder......Page 310
General intelligence tests......Page 311
Tests of non-verbal intelligence......Page 314
Tests of language functioning......Page 315
Tests of executive functioning ability......Page 316
Tests of memory and learning......Page 317
Tests of academic achievement......Page 318
Personality questionnaires......Page 319
Behavioral questionnaires......Page 321
References......Page 322
Introduction......Page 326
Aggression and juvenile delinquency......Page 328
Subtyping of aggression: aiming at causal processes......Page 329
Evaluation and assessment for psychopharmacology......Page 330
Pharmacotherapy for conduct disorder......Page 332
Antidepressants......Page 343
Benzodiazepines......Page 344
Mood stabilizers......Page 345
Suicidality......Page 346
Integrated treatment planning......Page 347
Conclusion......Page 349
References......Page 350
16 Evidence–based treatment for justice–involved youth......Page 358
Key intervention strategies and targets for change......Page 360
Predictors and correlates of success......Page 361
Key intervention strategies and targets for change......Page 362
Predictors and correlates of success......Page 363
Key intervention strategies and targets for change......Page 364
Functional family therapy......Page 365
Evaluation......Page 366
Key intervention strategies and targets for change......Page 367
Family integrated therapy......Page 368
Dialectical behavior therapy......Page 369
Predictors and correlates of success......Page 370
Clinical supervision......Page 374
Conclusions......Page 375
Policy recommendations and future direction......Page 376
References......Page 383
Introduction......Page 386
Meta-analytic studies on the efficacy of delinquency interventions......Page 387
Individual interventions......Page 390
Family interventions......Page 392
Programs with minimal or negative effects......Page 394
Special issues and future directions......Page 395
References......Page 397
18 Innovative problem–solving court models for justice–involved youth......Page 403
Youth courts......Page 404
Restorative justice conferences......Page 407
Juvenile mental health courts......Page 408
Juvenile drug courts......Page 412
References......Page 416
Introduction......Page 419
Confidentiality......Page 420
Confidentiality in the child/adolescent forensic evaluation setting......Page 422
Consent......Page 427
Competency – mature minor......Page 429
Right to treatment......Page 431
Right to refuse treatment......Page 433
Guidelines and policies......Page 435
Indications and contraindications......Page 436
Implications for youths with histories of abuse, trauma and PTSD......Page 437
References......Page 438
Introduction......Page 441
Court referral and structure of the evaluation......Page 443
Factors that affect disposition......Page 444
Residential and community facilities......Page 445
The evaluation......Page 449
References......Page 452
Index......Page 455