The Manambu language of East Sepik, Papua New Guinea

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgements......Page 17
List of Plates......Page 20
List of Charts, Schemes, and Tables......Page 21
Organization and Cross-references......Page 24
Abbreviations and Conventions......Page 25
Map 1. Location of Manambu villages......Page 27
1.1 Linguistic type......Page 28
1.2.1 Environment and subsistence......Page 31
1.2.2 The Manambu villages......Page 33
1.2.3 Dwelling patterns: the structure of villages......Page 35
1.2.4 Houses and their structure......Page 36
1.3.1 Clan membership, kinship, and mortuary ritual......Page 38
1.3.2 Name ownership and name debates......Page 40
1.4.1 Indigenous neighbours and traditional warfare......Page 42
1.4.2 Relationships with outsiders......Page 44
1.5.1 The Ndu language family......Page 47
1.5.3 Origins and putative prehistory......Page 49
1.6 Linguistic situation......Page 51
1.7 What we know about the Manambu language......Page 54
Appendix 1.1 Early documentation of Manambu......Page 56
2.1.1 Consonants......Page 63
2.1.2 Vowels......Page 68
2.1.3 Unusual phonetic patterns......Page 71
2.2.1 Syllable types......Page 72
2.2.2 Vowel sequences and diphthongs......Page 73
2.3.2 Stress shift......Page 74
2.4.1 Phonological structure of verbal and non-verbal roots......Page 75
2.4.2 Syllable weight and evidence for iambic stress in verbs......Page 76
2.5.1 General properties......Page 77
2.5.2 When one grammatical word corresponds to more than one phonological word......Page 78
2.5.3 When two or three grammatical words form one phonological word......Page 80
2.6 Phonological processes......Page 82
2.7 Intonation patterns......Page 85
3.1 Cross-referencing......Page 88
3.2 Grammatical relations marked on noun phrases......Page 94
3.3 'Reactivated topic' demonstratives......Page 96
3.4 Grammatical relations in Manambu: a summary......Page 97
4.1.1 Morphophonological subclasses of nouns......Page 98
4.1.2 Semantically and grammatically determined subclasses of nouns......Page 100
4.2.2 Semantically and grammatically determined subclasses of verbs......Page 105
4.3.1 Agreeing and non-agreeing adjectives......Page 118
4.3.2 Adjectives in comparison with nouns and verbs......Page 121
4.3.3 Semantics of adjectives......Page 125
4.4 Adverbs......Page 127
4.5.1 Modal words......Page 130
4.5.2 Postpositions......Page 131
4.5.3 Particles and connectives......Page 134
4.5.4 Interjections and onomatopoeia......Page 135
4.5.5 'Pro-sentences'......Page 136
4.5.6 Word class assignment of loans and code-switches......Page 137
5.1.1 Agreement contexts......Page 139
5.1.2 Gender and number agreement forms......Page 140
5.1.3 Additional gender and number forms......Page 142
5.2.1 The semantics of gender choice......Page 143
5.2.2 Mismatches in gender agreement......Page 150
5.2.3 Markedness relations......Page 151
5.3 Overt gender marking......Page 154
6.1 Number marking on nouns......Page 157
6.2 Number agreement......Page 163
6.2.1 Number agreement with mass and collective referents......Page 164
6.2.2 Agreement with associative non-singular......Page 166
6.2.3 'Argument elaboration' constructions and number agreement......Page 167
6.2.4 Markedness in the number system......Page 169
7.2 Functions of a noun unmarked for case......Page 171
7.3 Accusative-locative case......Page 174
7.4 Dative-aversive case......Page 179
7.5 Allative and instrumental cases......Page 182
7.6 Terminative case......Page 184
7.7 Transportative cases......Page 185
7.9 Comitative case......Page 186
7.10 Summary: how many cases does Manambu have?......Page 191
7.11 Case morphology on verbs......Page 194
8.1.1 Possessive noun phrases......Page 195
8.1.2 Possessive noun phrases in Manambu: a comparison......Page 201
8.2.1 Verb 'have'......Page 202
8.2.2 Identification construction......Page 203
8.2.3 Possessor cross-referencing on the verb......Page 204
9.1.1 Full reduplication of verbal root and its functions......Page 206
9.1.2 Other nominalizations and an adjectivizing derivation......Page 211
9.2 Non-word class-changing derivations......Page 213
9.3 Compounding......Page 219
10.1 Personal pronouns......Page 224
10.2.1 Nominal demonstratives......Page 227
10.2.2 Manner adverbial demonstratives......Page 242
10.2.3 'Reactivated topic' demonstratives......Page 246
10.3 Indefinites......Page 249
10.4 Interrogatives......Page 251
10.5 Quantifiers......Page 258
10.6.1 Numerals from one to ten......Page 261
10.6.2 Numerals higher than ten......Page 266
10.7 Closed classes: an overview......Page 269
11.1.1 Inflected and uninflected verbs......Page 271
11.1.2 The structure of verbal predicate......Page 273
11.2 The structure of non-verbal predicate heads......Page 276
11.3.1 Automatic alternations in verbs......Page 277
11.3.2 Other root-specific alternations in verbs......Page 278
12.1.1 Non-future tenses......Page 281
12.1.2 Action focus......Page 282
12.2 Future......Page 284
12.3 Habitual aspect......Page 285
12.4 Complete involvement of S/O......Page 287
12.5 Confirmation marker......Page 288
12.6 Completive aspect......Page 289
12.7 Customary aspect......Page 290
12.8.1 Derivational suffixes -r(omitted)b 'fully' and -d(omitted)ka 'only' on verbs......Page 291
12.8.2 Reduplication of the verb root......Page 294
12.8.3 Repetition of the verb......Page 300
13.2.1 Formal aspects of imperative......Page 303
13.2.2 Semantics of imperative......Page 305
13.2.3 Optative modality......Page 310
13.3 Irrealis......Page 311
13.4.1 Same-subject purposive......Page 313
13.4.2 Different-subject purposive......Page 315
13.5 Desiderative......Page 317
13.6 Frustrative......Page 320
13.7 Nominalizations marked with dative-aversive case......Page 321
13.8 Summary......Page 324
14.1.1 Negation of verbal predicates......Page 325
14.1.2 Negation of non-verbal predicates......Page 327
14.1.3 Contiguity in non-future negative constructions, and the scope of negation......Page 330
14.2 Negation of habitual clauses......Page 334
14.3.1 Negation of irrealis and optative......Page 336
14.3.2 Negation of same-subject purposive and of desiderative......Page 339
14.3.3 Negation of nominalizations......Page 341
14.4.1 Non-first person negative imperatives......Page 344
14.4.2 Third person negative imperatives......Page 349
14.5 Negation of dependent clauses, questions, and focus structures......Page 351
14.5.1 Negating dependent clauses......Page 352
14.5.2 Negating questions......Page 356
14.5.3 The negator -ma:r- in independent clauses......Page 357
14.6 Inherently negative lexemes and negative pro-clauses......Page 359
14.7 Summary......Page 363
15.1 An overview......Page 365
15.2.1 Sequencing compounds......Page 366
15.2.2 Manner compounds......Page 370
15.2.3 Cause-effect and manner compounds......Page 371
15.2.4 Fully lexicalized idiomatic compounds......Page 374
15.3.1 Major verb precedes minor verb......Page 376
15.3.2 Minor verb precedes major verb......Page 396
15.4 Combinations of verb compounds......Page 400
15.5 Reduplication in compounds......Page 402
15.6 Summary......Page 403
16.1.1 Formal aspects of directionals......Page 404
16.1.2 Directionals: semantics and functions......Page 412
16.1.3 Bound directionals and directional suffixes: a comparison......Page 425
16.1.4 How directionals co-occur......Page 430
16.1.5 Directionals on verbs and on demonstratives: similar systems, different pathways......Page 431
16.2.1 Morphological means for marking valency increase......Page 433
16.2.2 Biclausal causative strategies......Page 439
16.2.3 Transitivity-neutralizing construction......Page 443
16.2.4 Reciprocal-associative, and reflexives......Page 445
17.1 Complex predicates containing auxiliaries......Page 451
17.1.1 Aspectual and positional complex predicates......Page 452
17.1.2 Imminent modality......Page 455
17.2.1 Support verbs with uninflected verbs and deverbal nominalizations......Page 457
17.2.2 Support verbs with loan verbs......Page 458
17.2.3 Support verbs with nominals, onomatopoeia, and expressives......Page 459
17.2.4 How to choose a support verb for a nominal......Page 462
17.3 Lexicalized complex predicates......Page 463
17.4 Body part constructions as complex predicates......Page 466
17.5 Transitivity-neutralizing constructions involving clause chaining......Page 469
17.6 Comparison of complex predicates......Page 471
18.1 Clause linking and dependent clauses: an overview......Page 473
18.2 Sequencing -n......Page 475
18.3 Completive -ku 'same subject'/-k 'different subject'......Page 479
18.4 Cotemporaneous clause marked with -ta:y......Page 483
18.5 Immediate sequence clause marked with -taka......Page 486
18.6 Temporal overlap marked with -k(omitted)b 'as soon as'......Page 487
18.7 Causal clauses marked with -l(omitted)k......Page 488
18.8 Unlikely condition -ga:y......Page 489
18.9 Generic completive verb napa-......Page 490
18.10 Clause chaining and sentence structure......Page 491
19.1 Juxtaposition of a dependent clause and a main clause......Page 493
19.2 Relative clauses......Page 495
19.2.1 Relative clauses with an inflected verb......Page 496
19.2.2 Verb-noun compounds as a relativization strategy......Page 502
19.2.3 Relative clauses and verb-noun compounds: a comparison......Page 505
19.3 Clause linking via case marker 'instead' and suffix 'like'......Page 507
19.4.1 Purposive clauses......Page 508
19.4.2 Desiderative clauses......Page 510
19.5.1 Speech report constructions and their properties......Page 511
19.5.2 Direct speech reports......Page 512
19.5.3 Reported commands as indirect speech reports......Page 513
19.5.4 Semi-direct speech reports......Page 514
19.5.5 Syntactic role of speech reports......Page 515
19.5.6 Polysemous patterns in speech reports......Page 518
19.6 Clause linking involving connectives......Page 520
19.7 Juxtaposition of main clauses......Page 522
19.8 Complementation strategies......Page 524
19.9 Desubordination of dependent clauses......Page 531
20.1.1 The structure of noun phrases......Page 534
20.1.2 The structure of complex predicates......Page 543
20.1.3 Clause types and their properties......Page 545
20.1.4 Grammatical relations: an overview......Page 558
20.2 Constituent order: its syntactic and pragmatic motivations......Page 562
20.3 Highlighting focus constructions......Page 567
20.4 Further issues in discourse organization......Page 570
20.4.1 Linking sentences......Page 571
20.4.2 Finalizing a paragraph and taking a break......Page 572
20.4.3 Ellipsis......Page 573
21.1 Verb semantics......Page 578
21.1.1 'Eating', 'drinking', and 'chewing': ingestive verbs......Page 579
21.1.2 'Seeing' and 'hearing'......Page 582
21.1.3 Speech verbs......Page 587
21.2.1 Specific notions in the Manambu lexicon......Page 591
21.2.2 How grammar helps disambiguate polysemy......Page 593
21.2.3 The polysemy of value terms......Page 595
21.2.5 Generic verbs......Page 597
21.3 General noun and general verb......Page 598
21.3.1 The general noun ma:gw......Page 600
21.3.2 The 'lazy' verb......Page 602
21.4 'Body' in the expression of emotions and mental processes......Page 605
21.5.1 Manambu 'small' talk......Page 611
21.5.2 Imperatives in greetings......Page 612
21.5.3 Further greetings and tokens of 'speech etiquette'......Page 613
21.5.4 How to address each other......Page 614
22.1 Manambu as a Ndu language......Page 618
22.2.1 Linguistic diversity in the Sepik area of New Guinea......Page 622
22.2.2 Motivations for linguistic similarities......Page 623
22.2.3 Manambu and Kwoma......Page 624
22.3 Loans from Western Iatmul and elsewhere......Page 627
22.4 Influence of Tok Pisin and of English: borrowing and code-switching......Page 632
22.4.1 Borrowings or code-switches?......Page 633
22.4.2 Morphological and syntactic integration of Tok Pisin and English code-switches and calques......Page 635
22.4.3 Functions of code-switches and borrowings......Page 640
22.5 New developments in the Manambu lexicon......Page 645
22.6.1 Signs of language obsolescence......Page 646
22.6.2 The 'Manambu revival' movement and perspectives for language survival......Page 650
Appendix 22.1 Personal pronouns in Ndu languages......Page 651
Texts......Page 654
Vocabulary......Page 692
List of Affixes......Page 703
References......Page 706
A......Page 716
C......Page 717
D......Page 719
F......Page 720
H......Page 721
I......Page 722
M......Page 723
N......Page 724
P......Page 725
Q......Page 726
S......Page 727
T......Page 728
Z......Page 729