The making of a welfare class

THE MAKING OF A WELFARE CLASS?......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
List of tables and figures......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 10
List of acronyms......Page 11
1. The conundrum......Page 20
Social security in Britain......Page 22
Why the importance?......Page 24
Guiding understanding......Page 32
The strategy......Page 35
2. Taking an overview......Page 38
The British economy......Page 39
Demography......Page 42
Institutions......Page 45
Expenditure......Page 51
Belief systems......Page 55
Post script......Page 61
The trends......Page 64
Strategy......Page 67
4. The economy and unemployment......Page 70
Changed policy goals......Page 71
Patterns of employment and labour demand......Page 73
Characteristics of unemployed people......Page 76
Duration of unemployment......Page 83
What has been learned......Page 84
5. Demography and unemployment......Page 86
Gender differences......Page 87
Age differences in economic participation and unemployment......Page 91
What has been learned......Page 92
6. Unemployment institutions......Page 94
Government job creation and training......Page 95
Unemployment benefit regimes......Page 98
Jobseeker’s Allowance and Welfare to Work......Page 100
Development of in-work benefits......Page 101
Private insurance......Page 104
What has been learned......Page 106
7. Beliefs, behaviour and unemployment......Page 110
Attachment to the labour market......Page 111
The impact of disincentives......Page 114
Employment participation by the partners of unemployed people......Page 116
Benefit fraud and dependency......Page 117
What has been learned......Page 119
8. Understanding trends in unemployment-related benefits......Page 120
9. Trends in benefits for disabled people......Page 126
An introduction to disability benefits in Britain......Page 127
Trends in benefit receipt......Page 131
Strategy......Page 136
10. Beliefs about disability......Page 138
Historical developments......Page 140
Defining disability......Page 144
Avoiding work?......Page 146
What has been learned......Page 152
11. Institutional factors and disability benefits......Page 154
Benefit regime......Page 155
Implementation......Page 162
Take-up......Page 166
What has been learned......Page 167
12. Demography and benefits for disabled people......Page 170
An ageing population......Page 171
Increasing ill-health and impairments......Page 173
Growing health inequalities......Page 175
More poverty, more ill-health?......Page 179
What has been learned......Page 180
13. The economy and disability......Page 182
The dynamics of Incapacity Benefit......Page 183
Disability premium......Page 190
The nature of work and fitness for employment......Page 191
What has been learned......Page 194
14. Understanding the growth in disability benefits......Page 196
Main factors influencing benefit caseloads......Page 198
Labour market exclusion......Page 201
Individual choice and a welfare class?......Page 202
15. Trends in receipt of benefits by children and families......Page 206
The strategy......Page 211
16. Aspects of the demography of family life......Page 212
Marriage, cohabitation and divorce......Page 213
Lone parenthood......Page 216
Family sizes of one and two parent families......Page 220
What has been learned......Page 221
17. The economy and the family......Page 222
Mothers’ employment......Page 223
Lone parents and employment......Page 225
Wage polarisation and low pay......Page 228
Worklessness......Page 229
What has been learned......Page 232
18. Beliefs about thefamily and poverty......Page 234
Sexual morality, marriage and lone parenthood......Page 235
Women and employment......Page 238
Perspectives on family poverty......Page 240
What has been learned......Page 242
19. Social security provisions for families and children......Page 244
Child Benefit and One Parent Benefit......Page 245
Family Credit and Working Families’ Tax Credit......Page 246
New Deal for Lone Parents......Page 248
The Child Support Agency......Page 249
Housing Benefit......Page 251
What has been learned......Page 253
20. Reflecting on benefit receipt by families and children......Page 254
Lone parents......Page 256
Two-parent families......Page 257
What has been learned......Page 258
21. Trends in pension provision......Page 262
Pension provision in Britain......Page 263
Strategy......Page 267
22. The demography of pensions’ growth......Page 268
Cohort size and survival......Page 269
Migration......Page 270
Early retirement......Page 271
Gender and marriage......Page 273
What has been learned......Page 275
23. Institutional aspects of pension provision......Page 276
State and private pensions......Page 277
Coverage of pension schemes......Page 278
Growth of pensioner incomes......Page 280
Means testing and pension traps......Page 285
What has been learned......Page 287
24. Beliefs, opportunities and retirement behaviour......Page 288
Ideologies of pension provision......Page 289
Providing for one’s old age......Page 290
What has been learned......Page 294
25. The economy and pension provision......Page 296
Occupational pensions and early retirement......Page 297
Income dynamics......Page 300
What has been learned......Page 302
26. Pathways to pensions......Page 304
27. Understanding the pattern of caseload growth......Page 310
Unemployment......Page 313
Disability......Page 315
Children and families......Page 318
Pensioners......Page 320
On the making of a welfare class......Page 322
What has been learned......Page 325
References and further reading......Page 326
Index......Page 358