The Longman Writer

Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Preface
	What’s New in the Ninth Edition
	The Book’s Plan
	Supplements
	Acknowledgments
1 Becoming a Critical Reader
	Stage 1: Get an Overview of the Selection
	Stage 2: Deepen Your Sense of the Selection
	Stage 3: Evaluate the Selection
	Assessing Visuals in a Reading
	A Model Annotated Reading
2 Getting Started Through Prewriting
	Use Prewriting to Get Started
3 Identifying a Thesis
	What Is a Thesis?
	Finding a Thesis
	Writing an Effective Thesis
	Arriving at an Effective Thesis
	Placing the Thesis in an Essay
4 Supporting the Thesis with Evidence
	What Is Evidence?
	How Do You Find Evidence?
	Characteristics of Evidence
5 Organizing the Evidence
	Use the Patterns of Development
	Select an Organizational Approach
	Prepare an Outline
6 Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft
	How to Move from Outline to First Draft
	General Suggestions on How to Proceed
	If You Get Bogged Down
	A Suggested Sequence for Writing the First Draft
	Pulling it All Together
	Sample First Draft
7 Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
	Five Strategies to Make Revision Easier
	Revising Overall Meaning and Structure
	Revising Paragraph Development
	Sample Student Revision of Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development
8 Revising Sentences and Words
	Revising Sentences
	Revising Words
	Sample Student Revision of Sentences and Words
9 Editing and Proofreading
	Edit Carefully
	Use the Appropriate Manuscript Format
	Proofread Closely
	Student Essay: From Prewriting through Proofreading
10 Description
	What Is Description?
	How Description Fits Your Purpose and Audience
	Prewriting Strategies
	Strategies for Using Description in an Essay
	Revision Strategies
	Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
11 Narration
	What Is Narration?
	How Narration Fits Your Purpose and Audience
	Prewriting Strategies
	Strategies for Using Narration in an Essay
	Revision Strategies
	Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
12 Illustration
	What Is Illustration?
	How Illustration Fits Your Purpose and Audience
	Prewriting Strategies
	Strategies for Using Illustration in an Essay
	Revision Strategies
	Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
13 Division-Classification
	What Is Division-Classification?
	How Division-Classification Fits Your Purpose and Audience
	Prewriting Strategies
	Strategies for Using Division-Classification in an Essay
	Revision Strategies
	Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
14 Process Analysis
	What Is Process Analysis?
	How Process Analysis Fits Your Purpose and Audience
	Prewriting Strategies
	Strategies for Using Process Analysis in an Essay
	Revision Strategies
	Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
15 Comparison-Contrast
	What Is Comparison-Contrast?
	How Comparison-Contrast Fits Your Purpose and Audience
	Prewriting Strategies
	Strategies for Using Comparison-Contrast in an Essay
	Revision Strategies
	Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
16 Cause-Effect
	What Is Cause-Effect?
	How Cause-Effect Fits Your Purpose and Audience
	Prewriting Strategies
	Strategies for Using Cause-Effect in an Essay
	Revision Strategies
	Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
17 Definition
	What Is Definition?
	How Definition Fits Your Purpose and Audience
	Prewriting Strategies
	Strategies for Using Definition in an Essay
	Revision Strategies
	Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
18 Argumentation-Persuasion
	What Is Argumentation-Persuasion?
	How Argumentation-Persuasion Fits Your Purpose and Audience
	Prewriting Strategies
	Strategies for Using Argumentation-Persuasion in an Essay
	Revision Strategies
	Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision
19 Locating, Evaluating, Analyzing, and Synthesizing Research Sources
	Plan the Research
	Conduct Primary Research
	Conduct Secondary Research
	Prepare a Working Bibliography and Take Notes
	Evaluate Sources and Analyze Information
	Use Quotation, Summary, and Paraphrase to Synthesize Research While Avoiding Plagiarism
20 Writing the Research Essay
	Refine Your Working Thesis
	Sort Your Research Results
	Organize the Evidence by Outlining
	Write the First Draft
	Integrate Sources into Your Writing
	Document Sources to Avoid Plagiarism
	Creating In-Text References: MLA Format
	Revise, Edit, and Proofread the First Draft
	Prepare the Works Cited List: MLA Format
	Prepare the References List: APA Format
	Student Research Essay: MLA-Style Documentation
	Student Research Essay: APA-Style Documentation
21 Writing About Literature
	Elements of Literary Works
	How to Read a Literary Work
	Write the Literary Analysis
	Pulling it all Together
	Student Essay
22 Writing Exam Essays
	Three Forms of Written Answers
	How to Prepare for Exam Essays
	At the Examination
	Write the Essay
A Concise Handbook
	Sentence Faults
	Verbs
	Pronouns
	Modifiers
	Punctuation
	Mechanics
	Spelling
Acknowledgments
Photo Credits
Index
Revision and Editing Symbols
Brief Contents