The Lightning Rod as a Danger

Preface
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
About the Author
1 Introduction
2 Model for Calculating the Hazard
3 Exemplary Buildings with Earthing System Type A and Type B
4 Permissible Limits for the Cause of Death Due to Ventricular Fibrillation
	4.1 Permissible Limits for Touch Voltage
	4.2 Limit for Step Voltage
5 Materials
6 Danger from Lightning Currents 10/350, 1/200; 0.25/100 According to Type of Coupling
	6.1 Galvanic Coupling Caused by a Down Conductor UA
	6.2 Galvanic Coupling UE Due to Lightning Current in Soil
		6.2.1 Galvanic Coupling UE. Person in Contact with a Down Conductor
		6.2.2 Galvanic Coupling UE. No Contact of a Person with the Down Conductor
	6.3 Inductive Coupling UM
	6.4 Electric Coupling Due to Proximity UN Causing a Possible Side Flash
	6.5 Capacitive Coupling
	6.6 Electromagnetic Radiation
	6.7 Influence of Equipotential Control Measures
		6.7.1 Galvanic Coupling UE with a Person in Contact with Down Conductor in Case of Equipotential Control
		6.7.2 Galvanic Coupling UE Without a Person in Contact with Down Conductor in Case of Potential Control
	6.8 Results
		6.8.1 Person in Contact with a Down Conductor in a Distance of 0.8 m
		6.8.2 Galvanic Coupling with a Person in Contact with Down Conductor in a Distance of 0.4 m
		6.8.3 Results for Inductive Coupling Depending on the Distance of a Person to the Down Conductor
7 Effect of Site Insulation with Asphalt According to IEC 62305-3
	7.1 Galvanic Coupling UE with Contact of a Person with the Down Conductor
	7.2 Inductive Coupling UM with a Person in Contact with the Down Conductor
	7.3 Galvanic Coupling UE Without Contact of a Person with Down Conductor
	7.4 Electric Coupling Due to Proximity UN
	7.5 Effect of Potential Control with Meshed Earth Grid Underneath of the Asphalt Layer
		7.5.1 Effect of Potential Control on Galvanic Coupling
		7.5.2 Effect of Potential Control on Inductive Coupling
	7.6 Asphalt with a Water Level of 2 cm
		7.6.1 Galvanic Coupling UE, Person in Contact with Down Conductor
		7.6.2 Galvanic Coupling UE Without Contact of a Person to Down Conductor
		7.6.3 Inductive Coupling UM
	7.7 Effect of Potential Control Measures Under a Water Covered Asphalt Layer
		7.7.1 Effect of Potential Control Measures on Galvanic Coupling
		7.7.2 Effect of Potential Control on Inductive Coupling (Person in Contact with Down Conductor)
	7.8 Evaluation of the Results of Site Insulation with Asphalt
8 Effect of Site Insulation with Gravel According to IEC 62305-3
9 Water-Permeable Site Insulation
	9.1 Water-Permeable Materials
	9.2 Effect of a Water-Permeable Layer
		9.2.1 Galvanic Coupling UE with a Person in Contact with Down Conductor
		9.2.2 Galvanic Coupling UE Without a Person in Contact with Down Conductor
		9.2.3 Inductive Coupling UM
	9.3 Effect of Potential Control Measures in Case of a Water-Permeable Layer
		9.3.1 Effect on Galvanic Coupling
		9.3.2 Effect of Inductive Coupling
10 Danger Due to Step Voltage
	10.1 Earthing System Type A
	10.2 Earthing System Type B
	10.3 Comparison of Step Voltage for Earth System Type A and B for Worst Case 10/350
11 Summary of the Hazard Posed by a Lightning Rod
	11.1 Danger from Touch Voltage When Touching a Bare Down Conductor
	11.2 Danger from Proximity and Step Voltage Without Touching a Bare Down Conductor
12 Measures to Reduce Step and Touch Voltage as Per IEC 62305-3
	12.1 Distance
	12.2 Site Insulation
	12.3 Signage
	12.4 Insulation of the Down Conductor
13 Insulating Down Conductor
	13.1 Requirements for Insulating Down Conductor
	13.2 Electric Field Strength Along an Insulating Down Conductor
		13.2.1 Electrical Stress When a Person is in Contact with an Insulating Down Conductor
		13.2.2 Electrical Stress When a Person is not Contact with an Insulating Down Conductor
	13.3 Type Test of Insulating Down Conductors
14 National and International Statistics of Deaths and Injuries
15 Statistics of Relevant Parameters of Lightning
	15.1 Statistics of the Steepness of Current of Negative Cloud to Ground Flashes
	15.2 Normative Values in IEC 62305–1
16 Calculation of Risk RA for Death and Injury of Living Beings Due to Electric Shock as a Result of Touch- and Step Voltages According to IEC 62305–2
17 Strength of Air Gaps at Inductive Coupled Surge Voltages
	17.1 Experimental Results from Literature
	17.2 Calculation of Breakdown Voltage for Ramped Current Rise According to IEC 62305–1
		17.2.1 Calculation Methodology
		17.2.2 Calculation of the Dangerous Zone for Induced Voltage with Ramp-Shaped Current Rise According to IEC 62305–1
	17.3 Calculation of Breakdown Voltage for Induced Voltage (Delta Impulse)
		17.3.1 Test Facilities for EMP
		17.3.2 Method of Calculation
		17.3.3 Calculation of the Dangerous Zone for Induced Voltage (Delta Impulse)
18 Numeric Calculation
	18.1 Numeric Field Calculation Using Comsol-Multiphysics and XGS-Lab
19 Applied Pulse Shapes 0.25/100 According to IEC 62305-1
20 Propagation and Velocity of Surface Discharges
	20.1 Surface Discharges in Nature
	20.2 Theory of Surface Discharges
	20.3 Comparison of Surface Discharges on Panels at Lightning Impulse Voltage and Delta-Impulse Voltage
		20.3.1 Tests on Panels
		20.3.2 Field Calculation for the Test Arrangement Used for Tests
	20.4 Surface Discharges on Coaxial Insulating Down Conductors
		20.4.1 Estimation of the Leader Inception Voltage
		20.4.2 Laboratory Test on a Conductor with XLPE Insulation
21 Annex A: A Contribution to the Limitation of Step Voltages
	21.1 State of Art
	21.2 Insulation Material
	21.3 Calculation with XGS-Lab (Grounding System Analysis)
	21.4 Calculation with Comsol Multiphysics
	21.5 Calculation Including Soil Ionisation
	21.6 Calculated Earthing System
	21.7 Convention for the Results of the Calculation
	21.8 Step Voltage Without Insulating Layer
	21.9 Step Voltage with a Dry, Insulating Layer of 5 cm Asphalt or 15 cm Gravel
		21.9.1 Step Voltage with a Wet Layer of Asphalt
		21.9.2 Step Voltage with a Wet Layer of Gravel
		21.9.3 Step Voltage for a 10 cm High Rain Water Layer on an Insulating Layer of 5 cm Asphalt
		21.9.4 Calculation of the Edge Effect on a Dry Asphalt Layer with Comsol-Multiphysics
		21.9.5 Calculation with Limited and Sprinkled Asphalt Layer with Comsol-Multiphysics
		21.9.6 Technical Solution with Potential Equalisation
		21.9.7 Formation of Surface Discharges
	21.10 Summary
	References
References