The Lighthouse Function of Social Law: Proceedings of the ISLSSL XIV European Regional Congress Ghent 2023

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I Basic and Fundamental Principles in European Social Law
1 The European Court of Justice and the Two Lighthouse Functions of Social Law in the European Legal Space
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Member States’ Social Policies as a ‘Lighthouse’ for EU Law
		1.2.1 Internal Market
		1.2.2 Competition Law
	1.3 EU Social Law and Policies as a Lighthouse for the Member States
		1.3.1 Social Rights and the Effectiveness of Free Movement of Migrant EU Citizens
		1.3.2 Promoting the Effectiveness of the Union’s Social Policies
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
2 The Ability of the EU to Protect the Right to Social Security: Social Security of Mobile Workers in the European Union and the COVID Crisis
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Reaction Through EU Secondary Law
	2.3 The Reaction Under EU Human Right System
	2.4 The Reaction Through EU Citizenship
	2.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
3 Next GenerationEU: The Recovery and Resilience Facility as an Implementation Tool of the European Pillar of Social Rights
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 From the Financial and Economic Crisis Towards a New EU Economic Governance
	3.3 NextGenerationEU and the Recovery and Resilience Facility
	3.4 Implementing the European Pillar of Social Rights in the Recovery and Resilience Plans
		3.4.1 Employment and social protection measures
		3.4.2 Implementing the European Pillar of Social Rights: Assessment of the Resilience and Recovery Plans
		3.4.3 Country Specific Recommendations of 2022
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4 Education, Training and Lifelong Learning in the European Pillar of Social Rights: The Implementation at EU Level and in Spain
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Regulation of the Right to Education, Training and Lifelong Learning in the European Union
		4.2.1 The Competences of the European Union in the Field of Education, Training and Lifelong Learning
		4.2.2 The Provisions of the European Pillar of Social Rights and of the Action Plan
	4.3 EU Level Actions to Implement the Right to Education, Training and Lifelong Learning
		4.3.1 European Skills Agenda
		4.3.2 Reskilling and Upskilling in the Effective Active Support to Employment and in Other EU Instruments about the Recovery from COVID-19 Pandemic
	4.4 National Level Actions to Implement the Right to Education, Training and Lifelong Learning: The Case of Spain
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5 Where Are We Heading? Lifelong Learning as a Guiding Principle of the Combination of Technology and Social Progress
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Lifelong Learning for the Green, Digital and Demographic Transition
	5.3 The Spanish Approach of Lifelong Learning
	5.4 Workplace Learning: The Key for Lifelong Learning
	5.5 Concluding Reflection
	References
6 From Covid Crisis to Fundamental Rights Crisis: Social Rights Between the Symplegades and Social Law Guarantees
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Restriction of Personal Autonomy and Mobility Versus Circulation of Personal Data
	6.3 The Freedom of Movement Under European Social Law and the European Protection of Personal Data
		6.3.1 The Socially Sensitive Groups of Disabled and Older People in Times of Covid Restrictions
		6.3.2 The Social Risk of Old-Age and the Rights of the Elderly—Discrimination in Light of Technocracy and Specific Measures
	6.4 Access to Healthcare Services: The Right to Healthcare Being Affected by the Covid-Adjusted Health Policy
		6.4.1 Implications on the Social Risks of Maternity-Paternity
		6.4.2 Combined Consequences on Economic Freedom, the Right to Work and the Free Movement of Services Under EU Law
	6.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
7 “Enforcement Priorities” as an Escape Route from European Competition Law? An Appraisal of the Commission’s Guidelines on Collective Bargaining for the Solo Self-Employed
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Fundamental Labour Rights: The Right to Bargain Collectively (and Take Collective Action)
	7.3 EU Competition Law: The Treaty, the Court, and National Practice in Legal Limbo
		7.3.1 Article 101 TFEU
		7.3.2 The Potential of Balance of Interests Approaches: The Australian Example
		7.3.3 Testing the Scope of Exceptions Under Article 101(3): the Commission’s Guidelines
	7.4 Current Law and Practice in the Member States
	7.5 Legal Certainty: Done and Dusted?
	7.6 Conclusions
	References
8 Access to Justice in Social Assistance in Switzerland: Lost in Federalism?
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Social Assistance in Switzerland
	8.3 Access to Justice as a Legal and Sociological Concept
		8.3.1 Access to Justice from a Legal Perspective
		8.3.2 Access to Justice from a Social Science Perspective
	8.4 Obstacles to Access to Justice in Social Assistance
		8.4.1 Counselling Infrastructure is Insufficient and Information is Scarce
		8.4.2 Legal Awareness is Present, yet Diverges
		8.4.3 The Interplay Between Substantive Social Assistance Norms, Procedural and Constitutional Guarantees as Main Legal Obstacle to Effective Access to Justice
		8.4.4 Evidence in the Data—Comparing Social Assistance to Other Fields of Social Law
	8.5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Part II The Future in the Light of the Past
9 Work and the Crisis
	9.1 Living with the Crisis
	9.2 The Crises of the Rich and Those of the Poor
	9.3 Errare Humanum Est, Perseverare Autem Diabolicum
	9.4 Alone We Go Faster but Together We Go Further
	9.5 Europe Between Austerity and Solidarity
	9.6 The Pandemic and a New Work Culture
	9.7 New Problems Require New Solutions
	References
10 The Future in Light of the Past: A Social Law Perspective from the Southern African Development Community
	10.1 Colonial Influence on the Development of Labour Law and Social Security Law: An Overview
		10.1.1 Conceptual Clarification
		10.1.2 Colonial History of Labour Law and Social Security Law
	10.2 Labour Law and Social Security Law Lessons from the Past
		10.2.1 Role of the Labour Movement
		10.2.2 Significance of Collective Bargaining
		10.2.3 Keeping up with the Constantly Evolving World of Work
		10.2.4 Monitoring, Adjudication, and Enforcement of Labour Law and Social Security Law
		10.2.5 Social Security and Economic Stability
		10.2.6 Long-Term Sustainability of Social Security Schemes
		10.2.7 Adaptable and Modernised Social Security Schemes
	10.3 Conclusion
	References
11 Divergence Explained by History: Judicial Resolution of Individual Labour Disputes in France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Handling of Individual Labour Disputes in France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands: Close Does not Mean Equal?
		11.2.1 Overview
		11.2.2 Observations
	11.3 A Common Origin: The Napoleonic Conseil De Prud’hommes
		11.3.1 The Early Days: Lyon
		11.3.2 Expansion and Diffusion
	11.4 Divergence Explained
		11.4.1 France
		11.4.2 Belgium
		11.4.3 Germany
		11.4.4 The Netherlands
	11.5 Conclusion: A Living Experiment
	References
12 The Past in the Light of the Future: Lighthouses Before the ILO (1889–1919)
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 International Conferences and Organizations on Social Matters Before the ILO
		12.2.1 The International Committee of Social Insurance (Comité International Des Assurances Sociales)—1889
		12.2.2 The International Association on the Legal Protection of Workers (Association Internationale Pour La Protection Légale Des Travailleurs)—1901
		12.2.3 The International Association for the Prevention of Unemployment (Association Internationale Pour La Lutte Contre Le Chômage)—1910
		12.2.4 Epilogue: Rupture, Resurrection and Ending
	12.3 Analysis: Epistemic Communities as Catalysts for the Development of Social Law
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 More of the Old? Capitalization and Repartition in 1920s Belgian Old Age Pensions Legislation
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Capitalization and Repartition
	13.3 Belgian Legislation
	13.4 Capitalization and Repartition in the Belgian System
		13.4.1 The 1920 Act
		13.4.2 The 1924 Act
	13.5 The World of Ideas in the 1920s
	References
14 The Importance of Social Security and Labour Law for Compliance with Public Health
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Social- and Labor Law Protection in Times of Pandemic and in the Interest of Public Health
		14.2.1 Responses Regarding Labor Markets
		14.2.2 Responses Regarding Health Coverage
		14.2.3 Income Replacement: Short Time Work
		14.2.4 Focus Switzerland
	14.3 Which Factors Contribute to Compliance?
		14.3.1 Existing Studies on Compliance
		14.3.2 Focus: Results from the Swiss Study COVCO-Basel
		14.3.3 Summary
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
15 Setting European Social Security Standards for the Self-Employed: The Interaction Between the European Code of Social Security and the EU Recommendation on Access to Social Protection
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Right to Participate in Social Security Schemes
		15.2.1 Right to Participate Under the Recommendation
		15.2.2 Right to Participate Under the Code
		15.2.3 Interaction Between the Recommendation and the Code
	15.3 Entitlement to Accrue and Access Social Security Benefits
		15.3.1 Entitlement to Accrue and Access Benefits Under the Recommendation
		15.3.2 Entitlement to Accrue and Access Benefits Under the Code
		15.3.3 Interaction Between the Recommendation and the Code
	15.4 Entitlement to Social Security Benefits of a Given Level
		15.4.1 Level of Benefits Under the Recommendation
		15.4.2 Level of Benefits Under the Code
		15.4.3 Interaction Between the Recommendation and the Code
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
16 Balancing Techniques in Fundamental Social Rights’ Adjudication: A Focus on the Italian and Spanish Post-2008 Crisis’ Constitutional Case-Law
	16.1 Introduction: Fundamental Rights in Conflict
	16.2 Labour Rights Versus The Right to Health
	16.3 Methods to Adjudicate Fundamental Social Rights
	16.4 Balancing Techniques to Adjudicate Fundamental Social Rights
	16.5 Constitutional Balancing in Italy and Spain on the 2008 Crisis’ Norms
	16.6 Concluding Remarks Over Generalizable Adjudication Criteria
	References
17 Equal Treatment at the Workplace: Do Economic Freedoms Scream Louder Than Fundamental Rights?
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Economic Freedoms and Fundamental (Social) Rights in the European Union
	17.3 Case Law Analysis Regarding Religious Discrimination
		17.3.1 Prohibiting Religious Symbols
		17.3.2 Requiring Religious Belief
		17.3.3 General Guidelines Resulting from Analyzed Case Law
	17.4 Comparison with Case Law on the Right to Take Collective Action
	17.5 The Best Is Yet to Come?
	References
Part III The Impact of Regionalization
18 Human Dignity Under Threat
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Common Sense and Democracy
	18.3 Human Rights at Risk
	18.4 Wellbeing and Human Dignity
	18.5 Global Crises—Global Challenges and the Effects on Unsafety and Uncertainty
		18.5.1 Financial Crisis
		18.5.2 Pandemic Crisis
		18.5.3 War and Energy Crisis
	18.6 Lessons Learnt: Political Responses to the New Challenges
		18.6.1 Human Dignity—Pre-distribution Policy
		18.6.2 Freedom—Flexible Social Inclusion
		18.6.3 Equality and Non-discrimination—Universal Access
		18.6.4 Solidarity—Posterity Impact Assessments
	18.7 Conclusions
	Appendix
	References
19 The Legal Status of EU National Jobseekers: Their Right to Free Movement and to Social Protection
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 EU National Jobseekers’ Right to Reside in Another MS
		19.2.1 Under the EU Legislation on Free Movement of Workers
		19.2.2 Under the Free Movement Directive 2004/38/EC
		19.2.3 Exportation of Unemployment Benefits
	19.3 EU National Jobseekers’ Right to Social Protection in Another MS
		19.3.1 Coverage Under Regulation EU/492/2011 and Regulation EC/883/2004
		19.3.2 Coverage Under Directive 2004/38/EC
	19.4 Conclusions
	References
20 From Experimentation to Experience: Or How the European Coordination of Social Security Systems Can Be Improved by Learning from Its Configuration and Other Policy Fields
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Soft Harmonisation Methods
		20.2.1 The Open Method of Coordination
		20.2.2 Enhanced Cooperation
		20.2.3 Administrative Cooperation
		20.2.4 Social Dialogue
	20.3 Hard Harmonisation Methods
		20.3.1 The Harmonisation of the Internal Market Clauses
		20.3.2 The Harmonisation of Social Policies to Enhance European Citizenship and Vice Versa
		20.3.3 The Constitutionalization of Social Rights
	20.4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
21 Social Security and Free Movement: Why EU Mobility Will Always Come at a Price
	21.1 Introduction: The Paradox of Free Movement and Social Security
	21.2 The National Citizenship Lottery Revisited
	21.3 Free Movement as Conflict Creator
		21.3.1 The Coordination of Unemployment Benefits
		21.3.2 The Future of Free Movement for Economically Inactive Persons
		21.3.3 The Cross-Border Provision of Services
		21.3.4 The Cross-Border Provision of Healthcare
	21.4 Conclusion
	References
22 No Need for a Lighthouse When You Have Northern Lights? A Critical Assessment of the Norwegian Legal Framework on Paid Annual Leave and Its Conformity with EU and EEA Law
	22.1 The Darkness as a Point of Departure: The NAV-Scandal
		22.1.1 Into the Spotlight: The Right to (Paid) Annual Leave
		22.1.2 Conformity of the Norwegian Holiday Act with EU’s WTD Dir. 2003/88/EC?
		22.1.3 Lessons Learned for Norway?
		22.1.4 Legal Consequences of Non-conformity of Norwegian Law with the WTD
		22.1.5 The Lighthouse Function of the ECJ’s Jurisprudence on the Right to Paid Annual Leave
	References
23 Social Law as a Lighthouse for Labour Migration Law: Comparative Study—Croatia and Serbia
	23.1 Migration Sovereignty Versus the Universality of Fundamental Rights
	23.2 The Over-Normativity of Migration Law Leading to the Social Exclusion of Migrants
	23.3 The Effect of the Securitization of Migration Law on the Social Rights of Migrants
	23.4 The Interaction of Social Law and Labour Migration Law
	23.5 The Restrictive Application of the Social Rights of Migrants in Croatia and Serbia
		23.5.1 Croatia
		23.5.2 Serbia
	23.6 Social Law as a Lighthouse for Migration Law
	23.7 Conclusion
	References
24 Be or not to Be European. That is the Question: Central European Social Systems Facing the War in Ukraine
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 EU’s Temporary Protection and Its Social Welfare Aspects
	24.3 Reaction of Polish, Slovak and Czech Welfare States to War in Ukraine
		24.3.1 Temporary Protection
		24.3.2 Access to the Labour Market
		24.3.3 Health Care
		24.3.4 Social Assistance
		24.3.5 Accommodation
	24.4 Conclusions
	References
Part IV Enforcement in Social Law
25 Cooperation in the Fight Against Social Fraud: Fiscal Law as a Lighthouse?
	25.1 Introduction: No Protection of Rights Without Enforcement
	25.2 The Guiding Principles
		25.2.1 Responding to Reasoned Requests and Beyond
		25.2.2 Active Participation
		25.2.3 Databases as an Instrument in the Fight Against Social Fraud: The Ultimate Tool?
		25.2.4 The Single European Declaration Tool: Combining Information and Monitoring
		25.2.5 The Need for a Multilateral Institution
		25.2.6 Multidisciplinary Cooperation
	25.3 Conclusion
	References
26 Sounds Good, Doesn’t Work: The GDPR Principle of Transparency and Data-Driven Welfare Fraud Detection
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Research Question, Operationalization and Case Studies
	26.3 Examples of Fundamental Rights Violations in Welfare Fraud Detection Cases
		26.3.1 Tour D’horizon: Why?
		26.3.2 Indiana
		26.3.3 Colorado and Michigan
		26.3.4 Addressing the Patterns
	26.4 Welfare Fraud Detection Systems in the Netherlands
		26.4.1 Dutch Welfare Fraud Detection I: Background and Legal Framework
		26.4.2 Dutch Welfare Fraud Detection II: Day-To-Day Practice and Its Legal Frontiers
	26.5 Two Dutch Cases: Syri and the Toeslagenaffaire
		26.5.1 The Syri Case
		26.5.2 The Child Benefit Scandal (“Toeslagenaffaire”)
	26.6 Legal Framework of GDPR Principle of Transparency and Its Application to the Dutch Cases of Welfare Fraud Detection
		26.6.1 Introduction to the Legal Framework of the GDPR Principle of Transparency
		26.6.2 Right to Information (Art. 13—14 GDPR) and Its Application
		26.6.3 The Rights to Object (Art. 21—22 GDPR) and Their Application
		26.6.4 Exceptions to Data Subject Rights (Art. 23 GDPR)
	26.7 Results, Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
27 European Labour Authority: Prerogatives and Limits
	27.1 European Labour Authority at a First Glance
		27.1.1 The Legislative Debate Prior the Creation of the ELA and the Concerns of the Co-Legislators
		27.1.2 The Legal Basis of the ELA
	27.2 Nature and Organization of the European Labour Authority
		27.2.1 Objectives and Prerogative
	27.3 The Elephant in the Room: The Concerted and Joint Inspections
	27.4 ELA’s Weaknesses in the EU Agencies’ Scenario
	27.5 Final Remarks
	References
28 Enforcement of Criminal Sanctions in Case of Occupational Injuries: A Review of Turkish Court Decisions
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Legislation Regarding Occupational Accidents in Turkish Legal System
		28.2.1 Occupational Health and Safety in Turkish Labour Law
		28.2.2 The Relationship Between Occupational Health and Safety and Criminal Law
	28.3 Review of the Decisions Given by the Court of Cassation on Occupational Accidents in Terms of the Moral Element
	28.4 Conclusion
	References
29 The Problem of Effective Enforcement of Labour Laws in Türkiye: “Is There Any Word Left Unspoken Under the Sun?”
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 The General Characteristics of Turkish Labour Code and the Obstacles to the Effective Enforcement of Labour Laws in Türkiye
	29.3 Enforcement Mechanisms of Labour Laws in Türkiye
		29.3.1 Dispute Settlement Process: Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods and the Key Role of Courts
		29.3.2 Administrative Mechanisms as an Enforcement Tool of Labour Laws: Labour Inspection and Administrative Agencies/Methods in Türkiye
	29.4 Conclusion
	References
30 From Sanctions and Remedies to Prevention Mechanisms: The Effective Application of Labour Law Before and Beyond Courts in Italy
	30.1 Framing the Issue
	30.2 The Reasons for the Ineffectiveness of Labour Law
	30.3 Enforcement Techniques in the Italian Legal System: Inspectors and Labour Courts
	30.4 The Enforcement Techniques in the Italian Legal System: Some Shortcomings
	30.5 A New Enforcement Tool: The Role of the Labour Law Consultant
	30.6 Conclusions
	References
31 The Enforcement of the Principle of Non-discrimination in the Field of Occupational Pensions for Employees in the EU
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 The EU Anti-Discrimination Framework Regarding Occupational Pension Schemes
		31.2.1 Occupational Pensions Qualify as ‘Pay’ and ‘Employment Conditions’
		31.2.2 The Principle of Non-Discrimination
	31.3 The Liability for Discriminatory Treatment in an Occupational Pension Scheme
		31.3.1 The Employer and the Pension Provider
		31.3.2 The Employee
		31.3.3 The Social Partners
		31.3.4 The Member States
	31.4 The Judicial Enforceability of EU Non-Discrimination Laws in Pay Discrimination Cases
		31.4.1 Compliance
		31.4.2 Compensation
	31.5 Conclusion
	References
Annex
Programme Lighthouse Function of Social Law (European Regional Conference of ISLSSL)