The Law and Practice of Complex Construction Projects

Cover
Half Title
Series
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Part One. The Pre-Contractual Phase
	Chapter 1 The Pre-tender Phase
		1.1 The conceptual design
		1.2 The feasibility study
			1.2.1 Feasibility studies in general
			1.2.2 Typical content of a feasibility study
		1.3 The front-end engineering design
			1.3.1 Front-end engineering design in general
			1.3.2 Typical content of a front-end engineering design
			1.3.3 Main legal issues with front-end engineering design
		1.4 Contractor’s early engagement and pre-construction services agreements
			1.4.1 Pre-construction services agreements in general
			1.4.2 Typical content of a pre-construction services agreement
	Chapter 2 The Tender Phase
		2.1 The pre-qualification
			2.1.1 The pre-qualification in general
			2.1.2 The pre-qualification questionnaire
		2.2 The invitation to tender
			2.2.1 Invitation to tender in general
			2.2.2 Typical content of an invitation to tender
				2.2.2.1 Instructions to tenderer
				2.2.2.2 Form of agreement
				2.2.2.3 Heads of agreement
				2.2.2.4 Technical documents
			2.2.3 Bid bonds
			2.2.4 Main legal issues with invitations to tender
		2.3 The tender
			2.3.1 Tenders in general
			2.3.2 Main legal issues with tenders
				2.3.2.1 Binding effect of tenders
				2.3.2.2 Recoverability of tendering costs and claims against the employer
					2.3.2.2.1 The employer had never intended contracting the project
					2.3.2.2.2 The employer failed to consider fairly all tenders matching the invitation to tender criteria
				2.3.2.2.3 Fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation
				2.3.2.2.4 Corruption
				2.3.2.2.5 Alternative tenders
			2.3.3 Tender evaluation
			2.3.3.1 Tender evaluation in general
			2.3.3.2 Main evaluation criteria
	Chapter 3 The Award Phase
		3.1 The letter of award
			3.1.1 The letter of award in general
			3.1.2 Typical content of a letter of award
			3.1.3 Binding nature of letters of award
				3.1.3.1 Agreements to agree
					3.1.3.1.1 Agreements to agree in general
					3.1.3.1.2 Recoverability of costs on a quantum meruit basis
					3.1.3.1.3 Enforceable agreements to agree
						3.1.3.1.3.1 Agreements to agree as part of an ongoing agreement
						3.1.3.1.3.2 Agreements to agree on how negotiation should operate
		3.2 Letters of intent
			3.2.1 Letters of intent in general
			3.2.2 Binding nature of letters of intent
				3.2.2.1 Binding letters of intent
				3.2.2.2 Non-binding letters of intent
				3.2.2.3 Letters of intent and “quantum meruit” claims
				3.2.2.4 Letters of intent “subject to contract”
			3.2.3 Main legal issues with letters of intent
				3.2.3.1 Absence of important terms
				3.2.3.2 Failure to enter into a final contract
				3.2.3.3 Incorporation of contract forms
Part Two. Introduction to Construction Contracts
	Chapter 4 Elements of an Enforceable Construction Contract
		4.1 Offer and acceptance
			4.1.1 Offer
			4.1.2 Acceptance
				4.1.2.1 Determining whether an offer was accepted
		4.2 Consideration
		4.3 Intent to be legally bound
		4.4 Certainty of terms
	Chapter 5 Main Categories of Construction Contracts
		5.1 Main categories of construction contracts based on services
			5.1.1 “Pure” construction contracts
			5.1.2 Design-build
			5.1.3 Engineering, procurement and construction
			5.1.4 Engineering, procurement and construction management
		5.2 Main categories of construction contracts based on pricing
			5.2.1 Fixed price (or lump sum)
			5.2.2 Cost reimbursable (or cost plus)
			5.2.3 Unit price (or unit rate or measurement or remeasurement)
			5.2.4 Hybrid models and price conversion
		5.3 Bespoke contracts and standard contracts
Part Three. Contract Negotiation: Clauses Specific to Construction Contracts
	Chapter 6 General Contract Negotiation Issues
		6.1 Scope of work
		6.2 Performance of the works
			6.2.1 Performance of the works in general
			6.2.2 Standards of care
				6.2.2.1 Reasonable skill and care
				6.2.2.2 Fitness for purpose
					6.2.2.2.1 Fitness for purpose in general
					6.2.2.2.2 Fitness for purpose clauses
		6.3 Priority of documents
		6.4 Care and supply of documents
		6.5 Instructions
	Chapter 7 Price and Payment
		7.1 Price
			7.1.1 Price as fundamental element of the contract
			7.1.2 Contract price clause
		7.2 Payment
			7.2.1 Payment in general
			7.2.2 Categories of payments
				7.2.2.1 Advance payments and proof of funds
				7.2.2.2 Interim (or progress) payments
					7.2.2.2.1 Interim payments in general
					7.2.2.2.2 Interim payments clauses
						(a) Interim payment request
						(b) Interim payment certificate
							(i) The employer disagrees with the contractor’s payment request
							(ii) The employer agrees with the contractor’s payment request
						(c) The interim payment period
				7.2.2.3 Final payment (or final account)
	Chapter 8 Guarantees
		8.1 Guarantees in general
		8.2 Conditional and on-demand guarantees
		8.3 Form and formalities of guarantees
		8.4 Main categories of guarantees
			8.4.1 Parent company guarantees
			8.4.2 Performance bonds
			8.4.3 Advance payment bonds
			8.4.4 Retention bonds
			8.4.5 Warranty bonds
	Chapter 9 Contract Participants
		9.1 Parties’ representatives
		9.2 Subcontractors
			9.2.1 Subcontracts in general
			9.2.2 Domestic, nominated and named subcontractors
			9.2.3 Subcontractors clause
	Chapter 10 The Site
		10.1 The site in general
		10.2 Access to the site
		10.3 Site responsibility
		10.4 Site conditions
			10.4.1 English law position on responsibility on site conditions
			10.4.2 Site conditions clause
	Chapter 11 Design
		11.1 Design in general
		11.2 Responsibility for the design
			11.2.1 The design was prepared by the contractor
			11.2.2 The design was prepared by a third-party consultant engaged by the employer
		11.3 Design clause
	Chapter 12 Labour, Health and Safety
		12.1 Labour
		12.2 Health and safety
			12.2.1 Health and safety in general
			12.2.2 Health and safety duties
				12.2.2.1 Health and safety duties at common law
				12.2.2.2 Statutory health and safety duties
			12.2.3 Health and safety clause
	Chapter 13 Performance
		13.1 Quality
			13.1.1 Quality in general
			13.1.2 Quality clauses
		13.2 Commencement
		13.3 Programme
		13.4 Progress and obligation to proceed “regularly and diligently”
		13.5 Completion
			13.5.1 Completion in general
			13.5.2 Completion in entire contracts
			13.5.3 The doctrine of substantial performance and practical completion
			13.5.4 Consequences of late completion
				13.5.4.1 Time of the essence
				13.5.4.2 The contract includes a valid completion date
				13.5.4.3 The contract does not include a completion date, or includes an invalid completion date or there is no formal contract
	Chapter 14 Time
		14.1 Extension of time for completion
			14.1.1 Extension of time in general
			14.1.2 Extension of time clause
		14.2 Acceleration
			14.2.1 Acceleration in general
			14.2.2 Categories of acceleration
				14.2.2.1 Voluntary acceleration
				14.2.2.2 Instructed (or directed) acceleration
				14.2.2.3 Constructive (or implied) acceleration
			14.2.3 Acceleration clause
		14.3 Delay damages
			14.3.1 Delay damages in general
			14.3.2 Liquidated damages
				14.3.2.1 Liquidated damages in general
				14.3.2.2 Liquidated damages and penalties
				14.3.2.3 Liquidated damages and general (unliquidated) damages
				14.3.2.4 Liquidated damages clause
				14.3.2.5 Consequences of an invalid liquidated damages clause
	Chapter 15 Suspension
		15.1 Suspension in general
		15.2 Suspension clause
	Chapter 16 Variations
		16.1 Variations in general
		16.2 Variations clause
			16.2.1 Definition of variation
			16.2.2 Employer’s right to vary
			16.2.3 Contractor’s right to object to a variation
			16.2.4 Variations due to contractor’s failure
			16.2.5 Variations due to faulty design
			16.2.6 Variation procedure
			16.2.7 Valuation of variations
	Chapter 17 Taking Over
		17.1 Taking over in general
		17.2 Taking over clause
	Chapter 18 Defects
		18.1 Defects in general
		18.2 Defects clause
			18.2.1 The definition of “defects”
			18.2.2 The employer’s right to inspect the work
			18.2.3 The defects liability period
			18.2.4 The contractor’s obligation (and right) to remedy the defects
			18.2.5 The consequences of the contractor’s failure to remedy
			18.2.6 The final acceptance certificate
		18.3 Interpretation of defects clauses
	Chapter 19 Insurance
		19.1 The contract of insurance in general
		19.2 General insurance principles applicable to complex construction projects
			19.2.1 Insurable interest
			19.2.2 Duty of fair presentation
			19.2.3 Joint names insurance
			19.2.4 Indemnity
			19.2.5 Multiple insurance
			19.2.6 Subrogation
			19.2.7 Rights against insurers on insolvency
		19.3 Categories of construction insurances
			19.3.1 Property or construction insurance
			19.3.2 Other categories of insurance
			19.3.3 Insurance clause
	Chapter 20 Indemnities
		20.1 Indemnities in general
		20.2 Conventional indemnities
			20.2.1 Conventional indemnities in general
			20.2.2 Conventional indemnity clause
				20.2.2.1 The parties
				20.2.2.2 The indemnifying party’s obligations
				20.2.2.3 The indemnified losses
				20.2.2.4 Disputes
				20.2.2.5 “As a result of or arising out of or in connection with”
				20.2.2.6 “Attributable to”
				20.2.2.7 “On demand”
				20.2.2.8 Indemnities and contractual limitation on liability
				20.2.2.9 Conduct of claims
				20.2.2.10 Mitigation
		20.3 Knock-for-knock indemnities
			20.3.1 Knock-for-knock indemnities in general
			20.3.2 Knock-for-knock indemnity clause
	Chapter 21 Exclusion and Limitation of Liability
		21.1 Exclusion and limitation of liability in general
		21.2 Exclusion of liability clause
		21.3 Limitation of liability clause
		21.4 Fraud, gross negligence and wilful misconduct
		21.5 Interpretation of exclusion and limitation clauses
	Chapter 22 Claims
		22.1 Claims in general
		22.2 Contractor claims clause
			22.2.1 The initial notice of claim
			22.2.2 The full claim
			22.2.3 The employer’s response
		22.3 Employer claims clause
Part Four. Contract Negotiation: General and “Boiler Plate” Clauses
	Chapter 23 General Issues
		23.1 Introductory information
		23.2 The parties
		23.3 Recitals
		23.4 Description of the contract
		23.5 Definitions
		23.6 Interpretation
		23.7 Conditions precedent
			23.7.1 Conditions precedent in general
			23.7.2 Conditions precedent clause
		23.8 Communications/Notices
		23.9 Process agent
		23.10 Severance
			23.10.1 Severance in general
			23.10.2 Severance clause
		23.11 No waiver
			23.11.1 Waiver in general
			23.11.2 No waiver clause
		23.12 Entire agreement
			23.12.1 Entire agreements in general
			23.12.2 Entire agreement clause
			23.12.3 Interpretation of entire agreement clauses
		23.13 Independent contractor
			23.13.1 Vicarious liability
			23.13.2 Independent contractor clause
		23.14 Exclusive remedy
			23.14.1 Exclusive remedies in general
			23.14.2 Exclusive remedy clause
			23.14.3 Interpretation of exclusive remedy clauses
		23.15 Further assurance
			23.15.1 Duty to cooperate
			23.15.2 Further assurance clause
		23.16 Good faith
			23.16.1 Good faith in general
			23.16.2 Good faith clause
			23.16.3 Interpretation of good faith clauses
		23.17 Language
		23.18 No oral amendments
			23.18.1 Oral amendments in general
			23.18.2 No oral amendment clause
			23.18.3 Interpretation of oral amendment clauses
		23.19 Stamp duty and other charges
		23.20 Counterpart signatures
	Chapter 24 Other General Obligations
		24.1 Compliance with laws
		24.2 Confidentiality
			24.2.1 Confidentiality in general
			24.2.2 The law of confidence
				24.2.2.1 The common law of confidence
				24.2.2.2 The Trade Secrets (Enforcement, etc.) Regulations 2018
			24.2.3 Confidentiality clause
	Chapter 25 Liability Issues
		25.1 Assignment
			25.1.1 Assignment in general
			25.1.2 Assignment of burden and assignment of benefit
				25.1.2.1 Assignment of burden
				25.1.2.2 Assignment of benefit
			25.1.3 Statutory and equitable assignment
				25.1.3.1 Statutory assignment
				25.1.3.2 Equitable assignment
			25.1.4 Assignment clause
		25.2 Novation
			25.2.1 Novation in general
				25.2.2 Novation clause
		25.3 Set-off
			25.3.1 Set-off in general
			25.3.2 Categories of set-off
				25.3.2.1 Statutory (or independent) set-off
				25.3.2.2 Equitable (or transaction) set-off
				25.3.2.3 Contractual set-off and set-off clause
		25.4 Joint and several liability
			25.4.1 Joint and several liability in general
			25.4.2 Joint and several liability clause
			25.4.3 Net contribution
		25.5 Rights of third parties and collateral warranties
			25.5.1 Privity of contract
			25.5.2 Collateral warranties
			25.5.3 Rights of third parties clause
	Chapter 26 Environmental, Social and Governance Issues
		26.1 Integrity and anticorruption
			26.1.1 Integrity and anticorruption in general
			26.1.2 The Bribery Act 2010
			26.1.3 Integrity and anticorruption clause
		26.2 Corporate social responsibility
			26.2.1 Corporate social responsibility in general
			26.2.2 Corporate social responsibility clause
		26.3 Data protection and privacy
			26.3.1 Data protection and privacy in general
			26.3.2 Data protection and privacy clause
	Chapter 27 Supervening Events Affecting the Parties’ Obligations
		27.1 Force majeure
			27.1.1 Force majeure in general
		27.2 Force majeure clause
			27.2.1 Definition of force majeure
				27.2.1.1 General requirements of force majeure events
					27.2.1.1.1 Exceptional
					27.2.1.1.2 Beyond reasonable control
					27.2.1.1.3 Without fault or negligence of the affected party
					27.2.1.1.4 Not attributable to the non-performed party
					27.2.1.1.5 Affecting performance of a contractual obligation
					27.2.1.1.6 Involving the territory where the site is located
				27.2.1.2 List of force majeure events (and non-force majeure events)
					27.2.1.2.1 List of events constituting force majeure
					27.2.1.2.2 List of events not constituting force majeure
			27.2.2 Force majeure not to be invoked to avoid payments
			27.2.3 Duty and procedure to notify a force majeure event
			27.2.4 Consequences of force majeure
			27.2.5 Obligations of the parties during and upon cessation of a force majeure event
		27.3 Interpretation of force majeure clauses
		27.4 Change in law
			27.4.1 Change in law in general
			27.4.2 Change in law clause
				27.4.2.1 Definition of change in law
				27.4.2.2 Effective date
				27.4.2.3 Causation
				27.4.2.4 Risk allocation
				27.4.2.5 Mitigation
				27.4.2.6 Claim procedure
		27.5 Sanctions
			27.5.1 Sanctions in general
			27.5.2 Sanction clause
				27.5.2.1 Definition of sanctions
				27.5.2.2 Definition of sanctioning authorities
				27.5.2.3 Definition of sanctioned goods and technologies
				27.5.2.4 Representation and warranty that no sanctions are in place and disclosure obligations
				27.5.2.5 Duty to comply with sanctions
				27.5.2.6 Prohibition to use sanctioned goods and technologies
				27.5.2.7 Consequences of sanctions
		27.6 Cost escalation
			27.6.1 Cost escalation in general
			27.6.2 Cost escalation clause
	Chapter 28 Termination
		28.1 Termination in general
		28.2 Categories of termination
			28.2.1 Termination for breach
				28.2.1.1 Common law termination rights
				28.2.1.2 Contractual termination rights
			28.2.2 Termination for convenience
		28.3 Termination clause
			28.3.1 Employer’s contractual termination rights
				28.3.1.1 Termination for breach
					28.3.1.1.1 Notice to remedy/correct the breach
					28.3.1.1.2 Other conditions to termination
					28.3.1.1.3 Breaches entitling the employer to terminate
					28.3.1.1.4 Termination notice
					28.3.1.1.5 Termination as sole remedy
					28.3.1.1.6 Contractor’s obligations following termination
					28.3.1.1.7 Employer’s right to complete the work or having it completed by third parties
					28.3.1.1.8 Economic consequences of a termination for breach
				28.3.1.2 Termination for convenience
			28.3.2 Contractor’s contractual termination rights
				28.3.2.1 Termination for breach
					28.3.2.1.1 Breaches entitling the contractor to terminate
					28.3.2.1.2 Notice of termination
					28.3.2.1.3 Rectification
					28.3.2.1.4 Consequences of termination
	Chapter 29 Governing Law and Dispute Resolution
		29.1 Governing law
			29.1.1 Governing law in general
			29.1.2 Governing law clause
		29.2 Dispute resolution
			29.2.1 Dispute resolution in general
			29.2.2 Dispute resolution clause
				29.2.2.1 The dispute
					29.2.2.1.1 Definition of dispute
					29.2.2.1.2 Scope of the disputes
					29.2.2.1.3 Cause of action
					29.2.2.1.4 Notice of dispute
					29.2.2.1.5 “Multi-tiered” dispute resolution process
						29.2.2.1.5.1 Negotiation clause
						29.2.2.1.5.2 Mediation clause
						29.2.2.1.5.3 Adjudication clause
							(a) The right to adjudicate
							(b) The nature of the adjudication process
							(c) The notice of adjudication
							(d) The appointment of the adjudicator
							(e) The referral
							(f) The adjudicator’s powers
							(g) The adjudicator’s decision
						29.2.2.1.5.4 Arbitration clause
							(a) Right to refer disputes to arbitration
							(b) Number of arbitrators
							(c) Appointment of the arbitral tribunal
							(d) The seat of arbitration
							(e) Procedural law
							(f) Law of the arbitration agreement
							(g) Language of the proceedings
							(h) Multiple disputes
							(i) Confidentiality
							(j) Arbitral tribunal’s powers
							(k) Disclosure and document production
							(l) Allocation of costs and fees
							(m) Right to appeal
						29.2.2.1.5.5 Litigation clause
							(a) The “forum”
							(b) Exclusive and non-exclusive jurisdiction
			29.2.3 Related agreements
			29.2.4 Obligation to continue the works
Part Five. The Contract: Interpretation
	Chapter 30 Implied Terms
		30.1 Implied terms in general
		30.2 Implication of terms under English law
		30.3 Some terms typically implied in construction contracts
			30.3.1 Duty not to prevent completion
			30.3.2 Duty to cooperate
			30.3.3 Duty to perform the works with all proper skill and care
			30.3.4 Warranty that supplied materials are reasonably fit for purpose and of good quality
			30.3.5 Warranty that the works will be reasonably fit for purpose
			30.3.6 Warranty that works will be completed in a good and workmanlike manner
			30.3.7 Warranty that design information is accurate
		30.4 Avoiding the implication of terms in a contract
	Chapter 31 Interpretation of Construction Contracts
		31.1 Interpretation of contracts in general
		31.2 Rules of interpretation
			31.2.1 Statutory interpretation
				31.2.1.1 The literal (or “plain meaning”) rule
				31.2.1.2 The golden rule
				31.2.1.3 The mischief (or “Heydon”) rule
			31.2.2 Contractual interpretation
				31.2.2.1 Contractual interpretation in general
				31.2.2.2 Vague and meaningless terms
				31.2.2.3 Use of extrinsic evidence
				31.2.2.4 Subsequent conduct
				31.2.2.5 Commercial common sense
				31.2.2.6 Considering the document as a whole
				31.2.2.7 Blanks
				31.2.2.8 Deleted words
				31.2.2.9 Written words prevail
				31.2.2.10 Ejusdem generis rule
				31.2.2.11 Contra proferentem
				31.2.2.12 Errors
Part Six. Contract Execution
	Chapter 32 Capacity
		32.1 Capacity in general
		32.2 Companies
		32.3 Joint ventures
		32.4 Governments and local authorities
		32.5 Partnerships
		32.6 Unincorporated associations
		32.7 Undischarged bankrupts
		32.8 Mentally impaired persons
		32.9 Minors
	Chapter 33 Authority
		33.1 Contracts signed “by” or “on behalf” of a company
		33.2 Authority in general
		33.3 Actual authority and apparent authority
			33.3.1 Actual authority
			33.3.2 Apparent or ostensible authority
		33.4 Authority of directors to bind the company
	Chapter 34 Form and Formalities
		34.1 Form
			34.1.1 Form in general
			34.1.2 Written and oral contracts
			34.1.3 Deeds and “simple” agreements
		34.2 Formalities
			34.2.1 Signature
			34.2.2 Wet-ink signature and e-signature
				34.2.2.1 Wet-ink signature
				34.2.2.2 E-signature
					34.2.2.2.1 Validity of e-signature
					34.2.2.2.2 Legislative framework
					34.2.2.2.3 Signature requirement
					34.2.2.2.4 Categories of e-signature and general guidelines on electronic execution
Part Seven. Defences for Non-Performance
	Chapter 35 Misrepresentation, Illegality, Mistake and Duress
		35.1 Misrepresentation
			35.1.1 Misrepresentation in general
			35.1.2 Categories of misrepresentation
				35.1.2.1 Fraudulent misrepresentation
				35.1.2.2 Negligent misrepresentation
				35.1.2.3 Innocent misrepresentation
			35.1.3 Arguing misrepresentation
				35.1.3.1 Statement
				35.1.3.2 Unambiguously false
				35.1.3.3 Made to another party intending to enter into a contract
				35.1.3.4 Reliance and inducement
		35.2 Illegality
			35.2.1 Illegality in general
			35.2.2 Arguing illegality
		35.3 Mistake
			35.3.1 Mistake in general
			35.3.2 Categories of mistake
				35.3.2.1 Common mistake
				35.3.2.2 Mutual mistake
				35.3.2.3 Unilateral mistake
		35.4 Duress
			35.4.1 Duress in general
			35.4.2 Arguing duress
				35.4.2.1 Pressure or threat
				35.4.2.2 Illegitimacy of the pressure or threat
				35.4.2.3 Lack of practical choice but to submit
				35.4.2.4 Causation
	Chapter 36 Prevention and Force Majeure
		36.1 Prevention
			36.1.1 Prevention in general
			36.1.2 Consequences of prevention
			36.1.3 Prevention and extension of time clauses
			36.1.4 Cases in which the prevention principle does not apply
		36.2 Force majeure
			36.2.1 Force majeure in general
			36.2.2 Arguing force majeure
			36.2.3 Existence of a force majeure provision
			36.2.4 Occurrence of a force majeure event
			36.2.5 Causation
			36.2.6 Prevented, hindered, delayed and unprofitable
			36.2.7 Force majeure as sole cause of non-performance
			36.2.8 “Beyond reasonable control”
			36.2.9 Mitigation
			36.2.10 Form, notices and conditions precedent
	Chapter 37 Suspension, Termination and Set-off
		37.1 Suspension
		37.2 Termination
		37.3 Set-off
Part Eight. Remedies
	Chapter 38 Remedies
		38.1 Damages
			38.1.1 Damages in general
			38.1.2 Claiming damages for breach of contract
				38.1.2.1 The loss
					38.1.2.1.1 Expectation loss
					38.1.2.1.2 Reliance loss
					38.1.2.1.3 Loss of opportunity
			38.1.3 Causation
				38.1.3.1 Causation in general
				38.1.3.2 The “but for” test
				38.1.3.3 Effective cause
				38.1.3.4 Breach of causation chain
				38.1.3.5 Mitigation
			38.1.4 Loss not too “remote”
		38.2 Equitable remedies
			38.2.1 Equitable remedies in general
			38.2.2 Rescission
			38.2.3 Rectification
			38.2.4 Specific performance
			38.2.5 Injunction
			38.2.6 Estoppel
				38.2.6.1 Categories of estoppel
					38.2.6.1.1 Promissory estoppel
					38.2.6.1.2 Estoppel by convention
	Chapter 39 Breach of Contract and Negligence
		39.1 Breach of contract
			39.1.1 Breach of contract in general
			39.1.2 Claiming breach of contract
			39.1.3 Consequences of a breach of contract
		39.2 Negligence
			39.2.1 Negligence in general
			39.2.2 Claiming negligence
				39.2.2.1 Existence of a duty of care
				39.2.2.2 Breach of a duty of care
				39.2.2.3 Causation
Part Nine. Claims
	Chapter 40 General Aspects of Claims in Construction Contracts
		40.1 Typical content and submission
		40.2 The importance of contemporary records
		40.3 Notice of claim
			40.3.1 Condition precedents and time bars
			40.3.2 Content of a claim notice
			40.3.3 Practical aspects of claim notices
	Chapter 41 Claims Against the Employer
		41.1 Extension of time claims
			41.1.1 Extensions of time claims in general
			41.1.2 Extensions of time and prolongation costs
			41.1.3 Claiming extensions of time
				41.1.3.1 Entitlement
				41.1.3.2 Employer risk event
					41.1.3.2.1 Delays caused by the employer
					41.1.3.2.2 Delays caused by neutral events
				41.1.3.3 Causation
					41.1.3.3.1 Causation in general
					41.1.3.3.2 Concurrent delay
						(a) Meaning of concurrent delay
						(b) Timing of the delay events
						(c) Consequences of concurrent delay
						(d) Concurrent delay and prevention principle
						(e) Concurrent delays and prolongation costs
					41.1.3.3.3 Mitigation
					41.1.3.3.4 Compliance with contractual requirements
				41.1.4 Delay analysis
		41.2 Prolongation claims
			41.2.1 Prolongation claims in general
			41.2.2 Claiming prolongation costs
				41.2.2.1 Entitlement
				41.2.2.2 Compensable delay event
				41.2.2.3 Causation
				41.2.2.4 Recoverability of costs
					41.2.2.4.1 On-site overheads
					41.2.2.4.2 Off-site overheads
					41.2.2.4.3 Loss of profit
					41.2.2.4.4 Increased costs
					41.2.2.4.5 Interest
				41.2.2.5 Compliance with contractual requirements
			41.2.3 Valuation of prolongation claims
		41.3 Disruption claims
			41.3.1 Disruption claims in general
			41.3.2 Claiming disruption
				41.3.2.1 Entitlement
				41.3.2.2 Disruption event
				41.3.2.3 Causation
				41.3.2.4 Compliance with the contractual requirements
			41.3.3 Disruption analysis
		41.4 Global claims
			41.4.1 Global claims in general
			41.4.2 Structuring global claims
			41.4.3 Total cost claims
		41.5 Finance claims
			41.5.1 Finance claims in general
			41.5.2 Claiming finance costs
			41.5.3 Quantification of finance claims
		41.6 Quantum meruit claims
			41.6.1 Quantum meruit claims in general
			41.6.2 Claiming in quantum meruit
			41.6.3 Quantification of quantum meruit claims
		41.7 Variation claims
			41.7.1 Variation claims in general
			41.7.2 Claiming variations
				41.7.2.1 Complying with the contractual requirements
				41.7.2.2 Assessing the original work scope
				41.7.2.3 Ensuring that a written instruction is issued before commencing the varied works
				41.7.2.4 Assessing that the instruction is compliant with the contract
				41.7.2.5 Objecting an instruction
				41.7.2.6 Submit an application for variation
				41.7.2.7 Carrying out the works
				41.7.2.8 Submitting the detailed variation claim
			41.7.3 Valuation of variations
	Chapter 42 Claims Against the Contractor
		42.1 Liquidated damages claims
		42.2 Defective work claims
			42.2.1 Patent defects and latent defects
				42.2.1.1 Patent defects
				42.2.1.2 Latent defects
			42.2.2 Contractor’s possible defences to defects claims
		42.3 Demands under a guarantee
			42.3.1 Bond calls in general
			42.3.2 Resisting a bond call
				42.3.2.1 The fraud exception
				42.3.2.2 The conditional guarantee exception
				42.3.2.3 Procedural requirements
				42.3.2.4 Pre-existing foreign judgments
Part Ten. Disputes
	Chapter 43 Litigation, Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution
		43.1 Litigation
			43.1.1 Litigation in general
			43.1.2 Litigation procedure
				43.1.2.1 The Civil Procedural Rules and the “overriding objective”
				43.1.2.2 The Technology and Construction Court
				43.1.2.3 The Pre-Action Protocol
				43.1.2.4 Commencement
				43.1.2.5 First case management conference
				43.1.2.6 Preliminary issues
				43.1.2.7 The further exchanges
				43.1.2.8 Evidence
					43.1.2.8.1 Disclosure
					43.1.2.8.2 Factual evidence
					43.1.2.8.3 Expert evidence
				43.1.2.9 The trial
				43.1.2.10 Appeals
		43.2 Arbitration
			43.2.1 Arbitration in general
			43.2.2 Arbitration and litigation
			43.2.3 Arbitration and adjudication
			43.2.4 Arbitration and mediation
			43.2.5 “Ad hoc” and institutional arbitration
			43.2.6 Arbitration procedure
				43.2.6.1 Commencement and initial exchanges
				43.2.6.2 Constitution of the arbitral tribunal
				43.2.6.3 Preliminary issues
				43.2.6.4 Case management conference
				43.2.6.5 Further exchanges
				43.2.6.6 Evidence
					43.2.6.6.1 Disclosure
					43.2.6.6.2 Factual evidence
					43.2.6.6.3 Expert evidence
					43.2.6.6.4 Site visits
				43.2.6.7 Hearings
				43.2.6.8 Closing submissions
				43.2.6.9 The award
				43.2.6.10 Award corrections and challenges
		43.3 Alternative dispute resolution
			43.3.1 Mediation
				43.3.1.1 Mediation in general
				43.3.1.2 The mediated agreement
				43.3.1.3 Mediation procedure
			43.3.2 Adjudication
				43.3.2.1 Adjudication in general
				43.3.2.2 Statutory, contractual and “ad hoc” adjudication
					43.3.2.2.1 Statutory adjudication
					43.3.2.2.2 Contractual adjudication
					43.3.2.2.3 Ad hoc adjudication
				43.3.2.3 Adjudication procedure
Index