The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity

Half-title......Page 2
Series-title......Page 3
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Acronyms and abbreviations......Page 11
Introduction......Page 14
Why the Kurdish case?......Page 15
On the nature of ethnicity......Page 18
Structural approaches......Page 21
Resource mobilization and rational choice......Page 25
Social psychology and identity......Page 28
Synthesis of the theoretical framework: opportunity structures, resource mobilization, and cultural framing......Page 31
Opportunity structures......Page 32
Cultural framing......Page 34
The added purchase of a synthesized approach......Page 35
A heuristic application of the theoretical approach to the Kurdish case......Page 36
2 Structural conditions and political opportunities......Page 38
Missed opportunities: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and early years of the Turkish Republic (1918–1938)......Page 39
The Kuchgiri uprising......Page 41
The Treaty of Lausanne and the Sheikh Said revolt......Page 44
Kurdish dissent in dormancy: 1938–1946......Page 51
The seeds of new opportunities: 1946–1980......Page 52
Kurdish nationalist resurgence: 1980–1992......Page 62
Political openings, cease-fires, closures, and the decline of the PKK: 1992–2004......Page 68
The opportunity structures approach: utility and limits......Page 74
3 Resource mobilization and rational choices......Page 80
Sowing the seeds of ethnic nationalist challenge: the PKK’s early years......Page 83
The Turkish state response......Page 91
In between the state and the PKK......Page 97
The RM and RC framework: strengths and inadequacies......Page 105
4 Cultural framing......Page 112
Kurdish identities and cultural tool kits in Turkey......Page 114
Frame contests: the Turkish state and other social movements......Page 130
PKK framing efforts and the birth of KADEK......Page 142
State media, information monopolies, and insurgent media......Page 160
The cultural impact of the PKK insurgency......Page 172
Conclusion: the selective focus of cultural framing......Page 181
5 Theoretical synthesis......Page 184
The creation of Iraq and early Kurdish revolts......Page 196
Barzani and the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq: tribalism weds nationalism......Page 201
Weakening a dangerous Iraq: ephemeral international support of Kurdish rebels......Page 205
The path to genocide: The Iran–Iraq War and the Anfal campaigns......Page 211
The 1991 Gulf War – radical changes in Iraqi Kurdish opportunity structures......Page 217
The 2003 invasion of Iraq – new opportunities, new risks, and a cautious strategy......Page 225
Conclusion: the synthesis of opportunity, mobilization, and framing in Iraqi Kurdistan......Page 229
The early Iranian state and the Simko revolt......Page 235
The Mahabad Republic of Kurdistan......Page 237
Under the Shah......Page 242
The Iranian revolution and the Iran–Iraq war – fleeting opportunities......Page 246
The 1990s: limited guerrilla warfare and waiting for opportunities......Page 252
Conclusion......Page 257
8 Conclusion......Page 261
The international system: frozen state boundaries?......Page 271
Bibliography......Page 274
Index......Page 285