The Judicial System

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1. Background and History
	Introduction: An Overview of the Judicial System
	Pre-Constitution Judicial System
		Colonial Era: 1600 to Late 1700s
		The Articles of Confederation Period
	The Federal Court System Established by the U.S. Constitution
		District Courts
		Special Courts
	Appellate Jurisdiction Courts of Special Subject Matter
	State and Local Judicial Systems
	Court Systems in Each State
	Bibliography
2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions
	Introduction
	Problem 1: The Bewildering Complexity of the American Judicial System
	Problem 2: Judicial Ethics
	Problem 3: Screening of Federal Judicial Nominees
	Problem 4: Forced Arbitration Agreements
	Problem 5: Gender Bias in the Judicial System
	Problem 6: Increasing Partisanship of the U.S. Courts and Judicial Systems
	Problem 7: Inequity in the Judicial System—Racial and Ethnic
	Problem 8: Lack of Minority Judges on the Bench
	Problem 9: Oversight Relationships
	Problem 10: Public Defender Issues
	Problem 11: Juries in the Judicial System
	Problem 12: Structural Problems
	Problem 13: Unqualified Judges
	Bibliography
3. Perspectives
	Introduction
	Remote Control: How Appellate Court Online Hearings Can Help Offset Judiciary Budget Cuts
	“Let ’em Play, Ref”: The Superabundance of Law in the United States
	The Supreme Court, the Incorporation Doctrine, and the States
	There Are Reversals and Then There Are REVERSALS
	The Judicial System from a Clerk’s Perspective
	Congressional Oversight of the Federal Judiciary
	Courts and Administrative Agencies: A Central Feature of Modern Policymaking
	Transgender Rights and the American Judicial System
4. Profiles
	Introduction
	Organizations
		Alliance for Justice (AFJ)
		American Association for Justice (AAJ)
		American Bar Association (ABA)
		American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
		American Constitution Society (ACS)
		American Heritage Society
		American Judicature Society (AJS)
		Brennan Center for Justice
		Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
		Cato Institute Center for Constitutional Studies (CICCS)
		Center for American Progress (CAP)
		Center for Individual Rights (CIR)
		Center for Justice and Democracy (CJD)
		Center for the Study of Law and Religion (CSLR)
		Economic Policy Institute (EPI)
		Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies
		Federal Judicial Center (FJC)
		Institute for Justice (IJ)
		Law and Economic Center (LEC)
		Legal Information Institute (LII)
		National Constitution Center
		Olin Foundation
		Pew Research Center
		Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
		The Sentencing Project
		U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)
		U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee
		U.S. Supreme Court (SCOTUS)
		Vera Institute of Justice (VIJ)
	People
		Samuel Chase (1741–1811)
		William O. Douglas (1898–1980)
		William M. Evarts (1818–1901)
		Clarence Earl Gideon (1910–1972)
		Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1933–2020)
		Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948)
		Edward “Ted” Kennedy (1932–2009)
		Patrick Leahy (1940–)
		John Marshall (1755–1835)
		Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993)
		Ralph Nader (1934–)
		Barack Obama (1961–)
		Sandra Day O’Connor (1930–)
		William Rehnquist (1924–2005)
		John Roberts (1959–)
		Antonin Scalia (1936–2016)
		William Howard Taft (1857–1930)
		Roger Taney (1777–1864–)
		Donald Trump (1946–)
		Earl Warren (1891–1974)
	Bibliography
5. Data and Documents
	Introduction
	Data
		Figure 5.1 Map of the Geographic Boundaries for U.S. District Courts and Circuit Courts of Appeals
		Figure 5.2 New York State Judicial System Flowchart
		Figure 5.3 Louisiana Courts Structure
		Figure 5.4 Line Graph of the Combined State and Federal Imprisonment Rates per 100,000 Residents, by Race and Ethnicity, 2008–2018
		Figure 5.5 Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment for Persons Born in 2001; White, Black, Latinx; Men and Women
		Table 5.1. Year States Were Admitted to the Union, by Year Admitted
		Table 5.2. Number of States Using Assorted Methods of Judicial Selection
		Table 5.3. Federal Judges Impeached, 1804–2010
		Table 5.4. Federal Judicial Nominees by Rate Not Qualified by ABA, 1989 to 2019
		Table 5.5. Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court
		Table 5.6. Methods of Judicial Selection in State Court Systems
	Documents
		Document 5.1: Article III, the Constitution of the United States
		Document 5.2: Excerpts from the Judiciary Act of 1789
		Document 5.3: Excerpts from Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
		Document 5.4: Judiciary Act of 1869
		Document 5.5: Excerpts from Miller v. Texas (1894)
		Document 5.6: The Nonpartisan Court Plan (Missouri Plan)
		Document 5.7: Excerpts from the Legal Services Corporation Act of 1974
		Document 5.8: Excerpts from United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez (1990)
		Document 5.9: Excerpts from Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn et al. (2011)
		Document 5.10: Description of the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980, Amended March 12, 2019
6. Resources
	Introduction
	Print Resources
		Books
		Leading Scholarly Journals
	Nonprint Sources
		Websites
		Films
7. Chronology
Glossary
Index