The interaction between WTO law and external international law : the constrained openness of WTO law

Front Cover......Page 1
The Interaction between World Trade Organisation (WTO) Law and External International Law......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Table of cases......Page 12
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgements......Page 21
Abbreviations......Page 24
0.1 The tragedy of choice: to write is to choose......Page 26
0.2 There is no magic but in the pretence......Page 32
0.3 Outline of my approach......Page 33
0.4 Outline of my argument......Page 44
0.5 Mr. Palomar, Sisyphus and Alice......Page 47
1.0 Introduction......Page 51
1.1 Definitional sketch of fragmentation......Page 53
1.2 Rational reconstruction......Page 59
1.3 The rule of recognition......Page 61
1.3.1 The internal point of view......Page 62
1.3.2 Hart’s circularity......Page 65
1.3.3 Dworkin’s challenge to Hart......Page 68
1.4 The counter-factual rule of recognition: the beginnings of a theory of WTO law......Page 70
1.5 Conclusion......Page 78
2.1 Lex specialis as an account of fragmentation and WTO law......Page 80
2.1.1 The problems with lex specialis as an account of fragmentation......Page 82
2.2 Lex posterior as an account of fragmentation and WTO law......Page 83
2.2.1 The problems of lex posterior as an account of fragmentation: the example of WTO law and the Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species......Page 85
2.3 Treaty interpretation as an account of fragmentation and WTO law......Page 86
2.3.1 The problems with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Articles 31 and 32 as an account of fragmentation......Page 89
2.4. The interpretative approaches of the WTO adjudicating bodies......Page 92
2.4.1 The example of EC – Biotech......Page 94
2.5 Conclusion......Page 99
3.0 Introduction......Page 100
3.1 The continuation of building a theory of WTO law......Page 101
3.2 The internal point of view of the WTO adjudicating bodies......Page 105
3.2.1 The (re)construction of external international law into WTO law......Page 110
3.2.2 The Petersmann–Alston debate......Page 114
3.3 Fragmentation reconsidered......Page 117
3.4 Indirectly and strategically influencing WTO law......Page 120
3.5 Conclusion......Page 126
4.0 Introduction......Page 128
4.1 Model I: WTO law as a limited domain......Page 129
4.2 Model II: WTO law as open......Page 130
4.3 Model III: WTO law as privileged......Page 131
4.4 The structural nature of the debate......Page 132
4.5 Resolution of conflict by superficial means......Page 134
4.5.1 Models I and II on the purpose of Articles 3.2 and 19.2......Page 135
4.5.2 The distinction between jurisdiction and applicable law......Page 136
4.5.3 Illustrating the debate......Page 138
4.6 The constrained openness of WTO law: identifying the purpose of WTO law......Page 139
4.6.1 Distilling the features of a theory: mapping constrained openness through Calvino’s Invisible Cities......Page 148
4.7 Conclusion......Page 151
5.0 Introduction......Page 153
5.1 The precautionary principle......Page 154
5.2 The gateway approach for the incorporation of the precautionary principle into WTO law......Page 157
5.3 Overview of the SPS Agreement......Page 158
5.3.1 Compliance with WTO/GATT is not necessarily an SPS defence......Page 160
5.3.2 The ‘right’ to take an SPS measure......Page 162
5.3.3 Definition and coverage of an SPS measure......Page 163
5.3.4 Harmonisation of international standards and the SPS Agreement......Page 166
5.3.5 The scientific requirements of the SPS Agreement......Page 167
5.4 The precautionary principle and the texts of the SPS Agreement......Page 170
5.5.1 EC – Hormones and initial thoughts on (re)construction of external international law......Page 173
5.5.2 The scientific requirement to maintain an SPS measure......Page 176
5.5.3 The two different definitions and evidentiary standards of risk assessment......Page 179
5.5.4 The scientific risk assessment requirement of Article 5.1 and its relationship to Article 5.5......Page 181
5.5.5 Insufficient evidence, showing uncertainty and the provisional SPS measure of Article 5.7......Page 183
5.5.6 The right of a Member to set a higher level of SPS protection, standard of review and Article 3.3......Page 187
5.5.7 Returning to EC – Hormones: (re)constructing precaution into a trade law variable......Page 192
5.6 Rethinking the incorporation of the precautionary principle in WTO law......Page 197
5.7 Conclusion......Page 199
6.0 Introduction......Page 200
6.1 A bilateral agreement: EC – Poultry......Page 201
6.1.1 Case commentary: EC – Poultry......Page 205
6.1.2 Case analysis: EC – Poultry......Page 207
6.1.3 Summary: EC – Poultry......Page 209
6.2 An agreement between a WTO Member and an international organisation: Argentina – Textiles and Apparels......Page 210
6.2.1 Case commentary: Argentina – Textiles and Apparels......Page 213
6.2.2 Case analysis: Argentina – Textiles and Apparels......Page 214
6.2.3 Summary: Argentina – Textiles and Apparels......Page 215
6.3 Law ‘not contracted out from’: Korea – Government Procurement......Page 216
6.3.1 Case commentary: Korea – Government Procurement......Page 217
6.4 International environmental law to define WTO law: US – Shrimp......Page 219
6.4.1 Case commentary: US – Shrimp......Page 221
6.5 Potential cross conflict with another trade law system (North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA)): Mexico – Soft Drinks......Page 224
6.5.1 Case commentary: Mexico – Soft Drinks......Page 229
6.5.2 Case analysis: reflexive law and developing strategies for influencing WTO law......Page 230
6.6 Conclusion......Page 234
7. Conclusion......Page 236
Selected bibliography......Page 244
Index......Page 259