The Institutionalisation of Evaluation in Europe

Preface and Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I Introduction
1 The Institutionalisation of Evaluation Theoretical Background, Analytical Concept and Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 State of Knowledge
	3 Institutions—Some Theoretical Remarks
	4 The Methodological Approach
	5 Selection of Countries and Methodological Procedure
	Appendix
		Analytical Guideline: Compendium on the Institutionalisation of Evaluation
	References
Part II Northern Europe
2 Denmark
	1 General Country Overview
		1.1 Structure
		1.2 Culture
		1.3 Public-Sectors Reforms/Transformations
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes
		2.1 Evaluation Regulation
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluations
	3 Evaluation in Society
	4 Professionalisation
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
3 Finland
	1 Introduction
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes
	3 Evaluation Practice
	4 Utilisation of Evaluations
	5 Evaluation in Municipalities and in the Civil Society
	6 Professionalisation of Evaluation
	7 The Future of Evaluation in Finland
	References
Part III Western Europe
4 The Netherlands
	1 Introduction
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes (Political System)
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluations
	3 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
		3.3 Civil Society: Demand for Evaluations
	4 Professionalisation (System of Professionalisation)
		4.1 Academic Study Courses, Further Training
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
		4.3 Research Quality Rather Than Evaluation Quality
	5 Concluding Remarks
	Appendix
	References
5 Belgium
	1 General Country Overview
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes (Political System)
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations
			2.1.1 A Formal Anchorage of Evaluation Requirements in Laws or Regulations
			2.1.2 The Institutionalisation of Evaluation Within Parliament
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
			2.2.1 A Relatively Wide Diffusion of Evaluation Practice
			2.2.2 Type of Evaluation Practice
			2.2.3 Locus of Evaluation Practice
			2.2.4 Evaluation Institutes, with Varying Levels of Independency
		2.3 Use of Evaluations
			2.3.1 Evaluation Motives
			2.3.2 Quality Assurance
	3 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance (Social System)
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
		3.3 Civil Societies Demand Evaluations
	4 Professionalisation (System of Professionalisation)
		4.1 Academic Study Courses and Further Training
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
		4.3 Compliance to Standards and Quality Obligations
	5 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
6 France
	1 General Country Overview
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes (Political System)
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluations
	3 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance (Social System)
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
		3.3 Civil Societies Demand Evaluations
	4 Professionalisation (System of Professionalisation)
		4.1 Academic Study Courses, Further Training et Cetera
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
		4.3 Compliance to Standards and Quality Obligations
	5 Conclusion
	References
7 Germany
	1 Introduction
	2 General Country Overview
	3 Institutional Structure and Processes
		3.1 Evaluation Regulations
		3.2 Evaluation Practice
		3.3 Use of Evaluations
	4 Societal Dissemination
		4.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Civil Society
		4.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
		4.3 Civic Participation in Evaluations
	5 Professionalisation
	6 Summary
	References
8 Switzerland
	1 General Country Overview
		1.1 Institutional Framework of the Swiss Political System
		1.2 A Brief History of Evaluation in Switzerland
			1.2.1 The Pioneer Phase (Until 1990)
			1.2.2 The Establishment Phase (1990–2000)
			1.2.3 The Mature Phase (2000–2010)
			1.2.4 The Phase of Bureaucratisation (Since 2010)
	2 Structures and Processes of Evaluation in the Political System
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations
		2.2 Evaluation Practices
			2.2.1 The Federal Level
			2.2.2 Cantons (and Communities)
		2.3 Evaluation *Utilisation
			2.3.1 Public Administration
			2.3.2 Parliaments
			2.3.3 Public Discourse
		2.4 Professionalisation
	3 Conclusion
	References
9 Ireland
	1 A Historical Overview
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes
		2.1 National and Sectoral Laws and Regulations
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluations
	3 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance (Social System)
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Citizens, Enterprises and Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
	4 Professionalisation
		4.1 Academic Study Courses, Further Training, Et cetera
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
		4.3 Compliance to Standards and Quality Obligations
	5 Conclusion
	References
10 United Kingdom
	1 General Country Overview
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes (Political System)
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluations
	3 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance (Social System)
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
		3.3 Civil Societies Demand Evaluations
	4 Professionalisation (System of Professionalisation)
		4.1 Academic Study Courses, Further Training Et cetera
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
		4.3 Compliance to Standards and Quality Obligations
	5 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Part IV Southern Europe
11 Italy
	1 General Country Overview
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes (Political System)
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations
			2.1.1 The Environmental Impact Assessment
			2.1.2 Evaluation of Public Investments at the National and Regional Level
			2.1.3 Evaluation in Education and University Sectors
			2.1.4 Evaluation of the Performance of Public Administration and Public Managers
			2.1.5 Evaluation Within the Italian Judiciary System
			2.1.6 Evaluation in the Non-profit Sector
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluations
	3 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance (Social System)
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception, Discussion of Evaluation and  Evaluation Findings
	4 Professionalisation (System of Professionalisation)
		4.1 Academic Study Courses, Further Training Et cetera
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
		4.3 Compliance with Standards and Quality Obligations
	5 Conclusions
	References
12 Spain
	1 Introduction
	2 Political Subsystem: Institutional Structures and Processes
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluation
	3 Social System: Distribution of Evaluation Towards Society
	4 System of Professionalisation
		4.1 Academic Study Courses, Capacity Development and Further Training
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
	5 Conclusions
	References
13 Portugal
	1 Introduction
	2 General Country Overview
	3 Institutional Structures and Processes (Political System)
		3.1 Evaluation Regulations
		3.2 Evaluation Practice
		3.3 Use of Evaluations
	4 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance (Social System)
		4.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Civil Society
		4.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
		4.3 Civil Societies Demand Evaluations
	5 Professionalisation (System of Professionalisation)
		5.1 Academic Study Courses, Further Training, Etc.
		5.2 Profession/Discipline
		5.3 Compliance to Standards and Quality Obligations
	6 Conclusion
	References
Part V Central Eastern Europe
14 Czechia
	1 General Country Overview
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes
		2.1 Legal Framework and Regulations Concerning the Evaluation
			2.1.1 National Rules
			2.1.2 Sectoral Approach to Evaluations
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluations
	3 Societal Dissemination
		3.1 Use of Evaluations by the Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
	4 Professionalisation
		4.1 Academic Study Courses and Further Training
		4.2 Evaluation as a Profession
		4.3 Mechanisms to Achieve the High Quality of Evaluations
	5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
15 Latvia
	1 General Country Overview
	2 Institutional Structure and Processes (Political System)
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations
			2.1.1 Evaluation Requirements in Laws or Regulations
			2.1.2 Evaluation Within the Parliament
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
			2.2.1 General Description of Evaluation Practice
			2.2.2 Relation Between Process and Impact/Outcome Evaluations
		2.3 Use of Evaluation
			2.3.1 Best Performing Sectors
			2.3.2 Poor Performing Sectors
	3 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance (Social System)
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluation in Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
		3.3 Civil Societies Demand of Evaluations
	4 Professionalisation (System of Professionalisation)
		4.1 Academic Study Courses and Further Training
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
		4.3 Compliance to Standards and Quality Obligations
	5 Conclusion
	References
16 Poland
	1 General Country Overview
	2 Institutional Structure and Processes (Political System)
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations in Different Fields
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluation
	3 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance (Social System)
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluation in Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
	4 Professionalisation (Academic System)
		4.1 Academic Study Courses, Further Training, and Other Learning Opportunities
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
	5 Conclusion
	References
17 Romania
	1 General Country Overview
	2 Institutional Structures and Processes (Political System)
		2.1 Evaluation Regulations
			2.1.1 Provisions on Evaluation or Use of Evaluation in the National Laws or Regulations
			2.1.2 Normative Framework Paths on Development of Capacity and Culture of Evaluation
			2.1.3 A Top-Down Approach of Institutionalisation of  Evaluation Use
			2.1.4 Guidelines and Tools for Evaluation Practice
			2.1.5 Budget Allocation for Evaluations
			2.1.6 Evaluation and Use of Evaluation Findings in Parliamentary Activities
		2.2 Evaluation Practice
		2.3 Use of Evaluations
	3 Societal Dissemination/Acceptance (Social System)
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation and Evaluation Findings
		3.3 Civil Societies Demand Evaluations
	4 Professionalisation (System of Professionalisation)
		4.1 Academic Study Courses, Further Training Etc
		4.2 Profession/Discipline
		4.3 Compliance to Standards and Quality Obligations
	5 Conclusion
	References
Part VI Transnational Organisations
18 European Union
	1 General Information
	2 Development of the Evaluation Framework of the EU: Institutional Set-Up and Processes
	3 Evaluation Practice and Use in the EC
	4 The Development of the Evaluation Function at the CoE
		4.1 Overview of the CoE
		4.2 Institutional Set Up and Processes for Evaluations
		4.3 Acceptance and Use of Evaluations in the CoE
		4.4 Professionalisation of the Evaluation Function at the CoE
	5 Comparative Conclusions
	References
Part VII Synthesis
19 The Institutionalisation of Evaluation in Europe: A Synthesis
	1 Introduction
	2 The Institutionalisation of Evaluation in the Political System
	3 The Institutionalisation of Evaluation in the Social System
		3.1 Institutionalised Use of Evaluations by Civil Society
		3.2 Public Perception and Discussion of Evaluation
		3.3 Civil Societies’ Demand for Evaluations
	4 Institutionalisation of Evaluation as a Profession
	5 Conclusions: Correlations and Interlinkages
	6 Some First Attempts of Explanation
	Appendix
	References