The Insects. Outline of Entomology

LIST OF COLOR PLATES......Page 8
LIST OF BOXES......Page 10
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION......Page 12
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION......Page 14
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR fiRST EDITION......Page 16
1 THE IMPORTANCE, DIVERSITY, AND CONSERVATION OF INSECTS......Page 19
1.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF INSECTS......Page 20
1.3 INSECT BIODIVERSITY......Page 22
1.4 NAMING AND CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS......Page 26
1.5 INSECTS IN POPULAR CULTURE AND COMMERCE......Page 27
1.6 INSECTS AS FOOD......Page 28
1.7 INSECT CONSERVATION......Page 31
FURTHER READING......Page 38
2 EXTERNAL ANATOMY......Page 39
2.1 THE CUTICLE......Page 40
2.2 SEGMENTATION AND TAGMOSIS......Page 46
2.3 THE HEAD......Page 48
2.4 THE THORAX......Page 56
2.5 THE ABDOMEN......Page 63
FURTHER READING......Page 66
3 INTERNAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY......Page 67
3.1 MUSCLES AND LOCOMOTION......Page 68
3.2 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CO-ORDINATION......Page 74
3.3 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND THE FUNCTION OF HORMONES......Page 77
3.4 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM......Page 79
3.5 THE TRACHEAL SYSTEM AND GAS EXCHANGE......Page 83
3.6 THE GUT, DIGESTION, AND NUTRITION......Page 86
3.7 THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM AND WASTE DISPOSAL......Page 95
3.8 REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS......Page 99
FURTHER READING......Page 102
4 SENSORY SYSTEMS AND BEHAVIOR......Page 103
4.1 MECHANICAL STIMULI......Page 104
4.2 THERMAL STIMULI......Page 112
4.3 CHEMICAL STIMULI......Page 114
4.4 INSECT VISION......Page 123
4.5 INSECT BEHAVIOR......Page 127
FURTHER READING......Page 129
5 REPRODUCTION......Page 131
5.1 BRINGING THE SEXES TOGETHER......Page 132
5.3 SEXUAL SELECTION......Page 135
5.4 COPULATION......Page 136
5.5 DIVERSITY IN GENITALIC MORPHOLOGY......Page 141
5.7 SPERM COMPETITION......Page 146
5.8 OVIPARITY (EGG-LAYING)......Page 147
5.10 ATYPICAL MODES OF REPRODUCTION......Page 153
5.11 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION......Page 156
FURTHER READING......Page 157
6 INSECT DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE HISTORIES......Page 159
6.1 GROWTH......Page 160
6.2 LIFE-HISTORY PATTERNS AND PHASES......Page 161
6.3 PROCESS AND CONTROL OF MOLTING......Page 171
6.4 VOLTINISM......Page 174
6.5 DIAPAUSE......Page 175
6.6 DEALING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES......Page 176
6.7 MIGRATION......Page 179
6.8 POLYMORPHISM AND POLYPHENISM......Page 181
6.9 AGE-GRADING......Page 182
6.10 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 184
6.11 CLIMATE AND INSECT DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 189
FURTHER READING......Page 193
7 INSECT SYSTEMATICS: PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIfiCATION......Page 195
7.1 PHYLOGENETICS......Page 196
7.2 THE EXTANT HEXAPODA......Page 198
7.3 PROTURA (PROTURANS), COLLEMBOLA (SPRINGTAILS), AND DIPLURA (DIPLURANS)......Page 201
7.4 CLASS INSECTA (TRUE INSECTS)......Page 202
FURTHER READING......Page 217
8 INSECT BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION......Page 219
8.1 INSECT BIOGEOGRAPHY......Page 220
8.2 THE ANTIQUITY OF INSECTS......Page 221
8.4 EVOLUTION OF WINGS......Page 226
8.5 EVOLUTION OF METAMORPHOSIS......Page 229
8.6 INSECT DIVERSIFICATION......Page 231
8.7 INSECT EVOLUTION IN THE PACIFIC......Page 232
FURTHER READING......Page 234
9 GROUND-DWELLING INSECTS......Page 235
9.1 INSECTS OF LITTER AND SOIL......Page 236
9.2 INSECTS AND DEAD TREES OR DECAYING WOOD......Page 239
9.3 INSECTS AND DUNG......Page 241
9.4 INSECT–CARRION INTERACTIONS......Page 242
9.5 INSECT–FUNGAL INTERACTIONS......Page 244
9.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USING GROUND-DWELLING HEXAPODS......Page 247
FURTHER READING......Page 255
10 AQUATIC INSECTS......Page 257
10.2 THE EVOLUTION OF AQUATIC LIFESTYLES......Page 258
10.3 AQUATIC INSECTS AND THEIR OXYGEN SUPPLIES......Page 259
10.4 THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT......Page 263
10.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USING AQUATIC INSECTS......Page 266
10.6 FUNCTIONAL FEEDING GROUPS......Page 267
10.7 INSECTS OF TEMPORARY WATERBODIES......Page 268
10.8 INSECTS OF THE MARINE, INTERTIDAL, AND LITTORAL ZONES......Page 269
FURTHER READING......Page 279
11 INSECTS AND PLANTS......Page 281
11.2 PHYTOPHAGY (OR HERBIVORY)......Page 283
11.3 INSECTS AND PLANT REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY......Page 299
11.4 INSECTS THAT LIVE MUTUALISTICALLY IN SPECIALIZED PLANT STRUCTURES......Page 304
FURTHER READING......Page 315
12 INSECT SOCIETIES......Page 317
12.1 SUBSOCIALITY IN INSECTS......Page 318
12.2 EUSOCIALITY IN INSECTS......Page 322
12.3 INQUILINES AND PARASITES OF SOCIAL INSECTS......Page 336
12.4 EVOLUTION AND MAINTENANCE OF EUSOCIALITY......Page 338
FURTHER READING......Page 342
13 INSECT PREDATION AND PARASITISM......Page 345
13.1 PREY/HOST LOCATION......Page 346
13.2 PREY/HOST ACCEPTANCE AND MANIPULATION......Page 352
13.3 PREY/HOST SELECTION AND SPECIFICITY......Page 356
13.4 POPULATION BIOLOGY - PREDATOR/PARASITOID AND PREY/HOST ABUNDANCE......Page 363
13.5 THE EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS OF INSECT PREDATION AND PARASITISM......Page 365
FURTHER READING......Page 371
14 INSECT DEFENSE......Page 373
14.1 DEFENSE BY HIDING......Page 374
14.2 SECONDARY LINES OF DEFENSE......Page 377
14.4 CHEMICAL DEFENSES......Page 378
14.5 DEFENSE BY MIMICRY......Page 383
14.6 COLLECTIVE DEFENSES IN GREGARIOUS AND SOCIAL INSECTS......Page 387
FURTHER READING......Page 391
15 MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY......Page 393
15.3 INSECTS AS CAUSES AND VECTORS OF DISEASE......Page 395
15.4 GENERALIZED DISEASE CYCLES......Page 396
15.5 PATHOGENS......Page 397
15.6 FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY......Page 406
FURTHER READING......Page 411
16 PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 413
16.1 INSECTS AS PESTS......Page 414
16.2 THE EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES......Page 418
16.3 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 421
16.4 CHEMICAL CONTROL......Page 422
16.5 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL......Page 425
16.6 HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS......Page 435
16.8 CULTURAL CONTROL......Page 438
16.9 PHEROMONES AND OTHER INSECT ATTRACTANTS......Page 439
16.10 GENETIC MANIPULATION OF INSECT PESTS......Page 440
FURTHER READING......Page 441
17 METHODS IN ENTOMOLOGY: COLLECTING, PRESERVATION, CURATION, AND IDENTIfiCATION......Page 445
17.1 COLLECTION......Page 446
17.2 PRESERVATION AND CURATION......Page 449
17.3 IDENTIFICATION......Page 458
FURTHER READING......Page 461
GLOSSARY......Page 463
REFERENCES......Page 487
INDEX......Page 495
APPENDIX: A REFERENCE GUIDE TO ORDERS......Page 517